Potiphar

 

Who Was Potiphar And What Happened To Him?

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries January 11, 2025

Many of us are familiar with Joseph—the son of Jacob (Israel) who was sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers. But what do we know about the man who bought Joseph in Egypt?

Potiphar is mentioned a few times in the Genesis account. He was an Egyptian officer of Pharaoh and the captain of the guard, making him a prominent official in Pharaoh's court. His account is primarily connected to Joseph (Genesis 37–50).

Potiphar Purchases Joseph

Potiphar purchased Joseph as a slave after Joseph was sold by his brothers to Midianite traders (Genesis 37:36; 39:1), who were intermingled with the Ishmaelites (Genesis 37:28; 39:1). The Midianites and Ishmaelites were descendants of Joseph’s great uncles: Midian (son of Abraham with Keturah) and Ishmael (son of Abraham with Hagar).

These traders were not mere strangers; they were also his kin—cousins, in fact. We often think of Joseph’s brothers betraying him, but we cannot overlook that his cousins were part of the plot to harm him as well.

The Iconic Pyramids Of Giza 

[Credit: Pixabay (Crop; Free for commercial use; no attribution required)]

Nevertheless, Potiphar, a high-ranking official for the king of Egypt (Pharaoh) as the captain of the guard, purchased Joseph. Recognizing Joseph's competence and integrity, Potiphar made him overseer of his household, entrusting him with all his possessions (Genesis 39:3–4).

Potiphar Imprisons Joseph

God blessed Potiphar’s household because of Joseph, and everything under Joseph's management prospered (Genesis 39:5–6). However, the relationship between Joseph and Potiphar changed due to an incident involving Potiphar’s wife. She attempted to seduce Joseph, but he refused, citing his loyalty to Potiphar and his commitment to God (Genesis 39:7–9).

Angered by Joseph's rejection, she falsely accused him of assaulting her. Potiphar, believing his wife's accusation, had Joseph imprisoned (Genesis 39:10–20). It is worth noting that as captain of Pharaoh’s guard, Potiphar likely oversaw certain military and security forces, making him a powerful figure.

Potiphar’s Continued Involvement

Potiphar was likely involved in the imprisonment of the baker and the cupbearer who shared space with Joseph in prison. The prison where they were confined was at “the house of the captain of the guard” (Genesis 40:3; 41:10), where the king’s prisoners were held (Genesis 39:20). Potiphar may have been part of the investigation that cleared the cupbearer and condemned the baker, as Joseph had predicted.

Although Potiphar's name does not appear in the narrative at this point, his title does, and there is no reason to assume it was not still Potiphar overseeing the prison (with keepers, guards, and so on working for him). While the baker and cupbearer were imprisoned, the captain of the guard assigned Joseph to care for them. This was likely Potiphar, who knew of Joseph’s capabilities and the blessings he had brought to his household.

When the cupbearer finally mentioned Joseph’s ability to interpret dreams to Pharaoh, he referred to Joseph as “a servant of the captain of the guard” (Genesis 41:12), reinforcing the connection to Potiphar. When Joseph was summoned to Pharaoh, it was likely Potiphar who facilitated his release, as it was his dungeon at his house and he was the captain of Pharaoh’s guard.

Joseph Becomes Second in Command

Through God’s providence, Joseph rose quickly to power in Egypt under Pharaoh (Genesis 41:38–44). Joseph became second in command, ranking above Potiphar, who was the captain of Pharaoh’s guard. Imagine the reaction of Potiphar and his wife, who were now under Joseph’s authority. Potiphar’s wife, in particular, likely faced immense stress knowing Joseph’s elevated position.

As history unfolded during the seven years of plenty, Joseph managed the storage and distribution of resources. During the subsequent seven years of famine, events took an interesting turn. At one point, the Egyptians—this would include Potiphar and his wife—sold all their possessions to Joseph on behalf of Pharaoh (Genesis 47:20–21). Eventually, the Egyptian—once again including Potiphar and his wife—even sold themselves into slavery to Pharaoh through Joseph (Genesis 47:23–25).

Reflection on Potiphar

The Bible does not provide specific details about Potiphar’s interactions with Joseph after these events. However, if Potiphar and his wife were still alive during the famine, it must have been a humbling experience. If they were still living, Joseph, whom they had wronged, was the one who ultimately saved them.

Whether Potiphar ever learned the truth about his wife’s false accusation is not disclosed. However, the Holy Spirit reveals in Genesis what truly happened. Did Potiphar ever come to know the full truth? It remains an unanswered question.

The irony in Potiphar’s life is profound. As an Egyptian official, he purchased Joseph as a slave. Yet, in the end, he became a slave to Pharaoh through Joseph, who turned out to be the greatest official Egypt ever had.

 

What Is God's Will For My Life?

What is God’s Will for My Life?

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries January 4, 2024 (The Tenth Day of Christmas)

Many ask this question—sometimes multiple times in their lives. Did you know that God answers this question directly?

“For this is the will of God, that by doing good you may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men.” 1 Peter 2:15, NKJV

God wants you to do good. It’s that simple!

And yet, you are probably still thinking, I get that but what about my specific life. What am I supposed to do? You might be thinking this with regards to a job, or a relationship, or a financial decision and the list goes on!

You might be thinking that God “type casts” each one of us to do one thing and has only one path laid out before us that is “in His will” and if we deviate from that path, then we are not following God’s will for our lives. After all, God is sovereign (in charge) and if we go astray in a direction that He doesn’t want us to go, then are we fighting against God?

Stop for a moment and realize something profound. That kind of thinking limits God to being mechanical with only one option for your life—like putting something into a machine and only getting one result out of it.

Step back and realize that God is all knowing (called “omniscient”)—which means that He knows every possible path we could take or think. God can easily work out His sovereignty and Lordship with the liberties and freedom that God has created us with and given to us. And yet, He knows what we decide before we freely endeavor it. 

Now get this—the next verse after 1 Peter 2:15 says: “as free, yet not using liberty as a cloak for vice, but as bondservants of God” 1 Peter 2:16, NKJV.

God comments on us having a freedom (i.e., liberty)—not to use that freedom to sin with vices—but as servants of God (see also Galatians 5:13). We are given a freedom to follow God but not in a mechanical way or a typecast way (2 Corinthians 3:17). This makes sense, we are made in the image of a free and good God. In fact, God is the absolute standard of goodness.

There are other passages where God consistently affirms that we are to do good. Consider:

• “I know that nothing is better for them than to rejoice, and to do good in their lives, and also that every man should eat and drink and enjoy the good of all his labor — it is the gift of God.” Ecclesiastes 3:12-13, NKJV
• “But do not forget to do good and to share, for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.” Hebrews 13:16, NKJV
• “Now may the God of peace who brought up our Lord Jesus from the dead, that great Shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, make you complete in every good work to do His will, working in you what is well pleasing in His sight, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.” Hebrews 13:20-21, NKJV

God is consistent throughout the Scriptures that we are to do good. Let’s get a little more specific how we do good in a broad sense of Scriptural teachings:

1. To Know and Love God
   God is a personal God and mankind is made in the image of this personal God. Therefore, God desires a personal relationship with man—that includes you (Deuteronomy 6:5; Matthew 22:37). This involves recognizing Him as Creator (Genesis 1:1; Exodus 20:11; Nehemiah 9:6), worshiping Him in spirit and truth (John 4:24), and acknowledging His sovereignty and rule (i.e., the Lordship of Christ over all things; Proverbs 3:5-6; Matthew 18:18).
2. To Be Saved Through Christ
   God’s will is for all to come to salvation through faith in Jesus Christ (1 Timothy 2:4; John 3:16-17). This includes all coming to repentance from sin (2 Peter 3:9) and faithfully trusting in Jesus, and His death, burial and resurrection, as Savior and Lord (Romans 10:9-10; Acts 17:30).
3. To Obey God’s Commands
   God calls us to live in obedience to His Word. This includes loving others (Matthew 22:39; John 13:34-35), walking in holiness (1 Peter 1:15-16), and living justly, mercifully, and humbly before Him (Micah 6:8).
4. To Be Transformed Into Christ’s Likeness
   God’s will is for us to grow spiritually, being conformed to the image of His Son (Romans 8:29). Thus, one should mimic God’s goodness. This transformation, called “sanctification”, is the work of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23; Philippians 2:13), leading to maturity in faith and good works (Ephesians 2:10; Colossians 3:10).
5. To Share the Gospel
   God desires us to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19-20; Acts 1:8). This is done by proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ which is central to fulfilling His will for man (2 Corinthians 5:20).
6. To Endure in Faith
   Like Job in the Old Testament, God’s will is for us to persevere through trials with faith and gratitude—being joyful that you face such opposition, slander, and hate (James 1:2-4; 1 Thessalonians 5:18). As Christ suffered the same (e.g., Matthew 26:60-61). Suffering and challenges are opportunities for growth and reliance on God (Romans 5:3-5).
7. To Glorify God in All Things
   Ultimately, God’s will is that everything a person does brings glory to Him (1 Corinthians 10:31; Colossians 3:17). This includes living in harmony—for your part—with others (Romans 12:18) and stewarding His creation responsibly (called “dominion”; Genesis 1:28-31).

God’s will as revealed in Scripture is for individuals to do good. Since God is the standard of goodness the more you know about His Word, the more you’ll understand His will to help you make decision based on doing good, for your specific life. But do good—that is God’s will whether it is a decision about a job, a relationship, sports, a financial decision or simply being a friend and kind to those who need it.

In a way, this door to freedom in your life is comforting knowing that you are not cast to do one thing alone or have only one path carved for you. But have the freedom and opportunity to do many good things throughout your life.

But in doing good be sure to know Christ, be saved through Him—living obedient and holy lives, reflecting Christ’s character, sharing the gospel, persevering in faith, and glorifying Him in all that you do.

 

Marriage

 

What Is “Marriage”?

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.SC., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, December 27, 2024 (The Second Day of Christmas)

In today’s culture, there are many problems—you could probably name quite a few off the top of your head. And these problems have their roots in sin—going back to the very first sin by Adam and Eve in Genesis 3!

Some might say that marriage is problem today. Actually, marriage isn’t the problem; it’s the variations our society often attaches to marriage as well attacks on marriage that are actually what causes issues.

To clarify, marriage is good, but some people try to define things as “marriage” that aren’t (e.g., pseudo-marriage) or divorce for no reason—which makes certain people adulterers (Matthew 5:32). To understand this better, let’s define what marriage is according to God’s Word—which is the standard for marriage for all time.

Marriage Definition

God defines marriage. In His Word, marriage is a divine institution established by God as a covenantal union between a man and a woman. It is designed for companionship, the production of godly offspring, and the reflection of God's relationship with His people.

When God created the first marriage in Genesis, it was one man and one woman for life—Adam and Eve—our respective grandparents. The doctrines of marriage and family are predicated on the Bible being true—these are Christian institutions. 

The Bible introduces marriage in Genesis 1 and 2. In Genesis 2:24, it says, "Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh." This passage highlights the foundational aspects of marriage based on the creation ordinance reflecting Genesis 1:27 of being male and female and made in the image of God.

Jesus Christ defended the doctrine of marriage as a creation ordinance when He quoted the sections on marriage from Genesis 1 and 2 in Matthew 19:4–6 and Mark 10:4-9. The BAM Statement of Faith rightly states that:

“Marriage is based on the creation ordinance in Genesis 1 and 2, sanctioned by God through the joining of a naturally born man and a naturally born woman in union as delineated in Scripture.

God intends sexual intimacy to only occur between a man and his wife who are married to each other and has commanded that no intimate sexual activity be engaged in outside of a marriage between a man and a woman.

Any form of sexual immorality, such as adultery, fornication, prostitution, homosexuality, lesbianism, bisexual conduct, bestiality, incest, pornography, abuse, or any attempt to change one’s gender, or disagreement with one’s biological gender, is sinful and offensive to God. (Genesis 1:27–28, 2:24; Matthew 5:27–30, 19:4-5; Mark 10:2–9; 1 Corinthians 6:9–11; 1 Thessalonians 4:3–7; Hebrews 13:4)” 

A man and a woman leave their families to form a new, exclusive relationship—the covenantal bond of marriage. The "one flesh" union reflects intimacy, partnership, and the desire for lifelong inseparability.

Keep in mind that marriage is not merely a human tradition but was instituted by God at creation (i.e., a divine institution; Genesis 1:27–28; 2:18–25).

The purposes of marriage are many. Here are a few: (1) Companionship per Genesis 2:18. Marriage provides relational fulfillment and companionship.

(2) Godly procreation per Genesis 1:28 and Malachi 2:15, God commands the first couple to "be fruitful and multiply," establishing procreation as a central purpose of marriage and Malachi 2:15 indicates that this is to produce godly offspring.

(3) It is a reflection of God's covenant: Marriage symbolizes the relationship between God and His people, seen in texts like Judges 8:27-33, 2 Chronicles 21:13, Jeremiah 3:6-8, and Hosea 4:15 and 9:1; and most vividly we see heavenly marriage in the New Testament where Christ's relationship with the Church is the foreshadowed bridegroom and His bride (Ephesians 5:22–33).

Pseudo-Marriage

There are people trying to defy God and attempting to redefine marriage in modern culture (e.g., same-sex unions, polyamory, etc.). Such deviations contradict the biblical design and undermine the gospel's integrity, as marriage points to the relationship between Christ and the Church.

According to the Bible, any non-heterosexual relationship is not a marriage. The Bible consistently defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman (e.g., Genesis 2:24, Matthew 19:4–6, 1 Corinthians 7:2, Ephesians 5:31) and never refers to any other human-human relationship as a “marriage”.

Any alleged homosexual “marriage” is a human contract at best but definitely not a godly covenant of marriage as defined by the Scriptural mandates. Sadly, in today’s culture, people have the audacity to mock God’s doctrine of marriage with pseudo-marriages like this and expect Christians to defy God as well by recognizing these abominations as marriage.

A pseudo-marriage is a false marriage or a parasite meant to look like a marriage but in God’s eyes, are nothing but lust and sexual immorality that keeps one from salvation unto heaven (e.g., Genesis 19:5, Romans 1:27, Revelation 22:15). Any homosexual, “beastialic”, or polyamorous “marriage” is not a marriage according to God but would be a pseudo-marriage.

These sinful behaviors are a counterfeit of actual marriage—kind of like a fake gold coin isn’t the same a real gold coin. If someone tried to give you a counterfeit/fake coin pretending it was a gold coin to would you accept it as payment equivalent of a true gold coin? No! It shows that there is something wrong with the one who is trying to cheat you and if you accept it, then you would have a problem as well!

This is why Christians should be very careful about attending a homosexual “marriage”. Attending means affirmation—which is mocking what God says on the subject. Pseudo marriage is not a marriage but merely a pagan ritual and Christians should not be caught up affirming anti-Christian rituals and revelries.   

While polygamy is recorded in Scripture, the ideal for marriage is monogamous, as evidenced in the creation account and reaffirmed by Christ (Matthew 19:8) and the apostles (e.g., 1 Timothy 3:2, 3:12; Titus 1:6). Nevertheless, even a polygamous marriage is still between a man and a woman and technically keeps within the doctrine of woman being made for the man as in 1 Corinthians 11:8-9; though, these marriages are obviously tarnished in a sin-broken world. Nevertheless, God recognized both Leah and Rachel as being the wives of Jacob—and they clearly had their issues!

Scripture also emphasized the permanence of marriage, stating, "What God has joined together, let not man separate" (Matthew 19:6). It is a lifelong commitment. Where only sexual infidelity were grounds for divorce. In keeping with this, sexual purity is to be within marriage. Sadly, since the 1960s, generations of kids—even in church homes—have been subjected to the secular views on “free and open” sex, impurity, deviancy, and unspeakable adulteries.

Growing up in secular state education in high school and state colleges and universities, it was terrible and around every corner. And we wonder why so many people have broken marriages, families, and damaged souls from relationships for decades now—it’s a cultural norm today—which is terribly sad. And it has had a devastating effect.

Final Remarks

The Bible confines sexual relations to the marriage covenant (Hebrews 13:4). Any sexual activity outside of marriage, such as adultery or fornication, is deemed sinful. Marriage requires exclusivity and fidelity, reflecting God's unwavering commitment to His people. Marriage is not a cultural construct but a creation ordinance established by God. This is foundational to understanding its universal and timeless nature.

Who would have thought that just 100 years ago that marriage would be seen as a key battleground doctrine in affirming biblical authority and truth.

Human Chimp DNA Similarity

 

Human And Chimp DNA Similarity—Not What We’ve Been Led To Believe

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, December 18, 2024

You’ve probably heard that humans and chimps are somewhere around 98% similar in our genetic makeup. There is a huge problem with this though. The claim that humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their DNA is an oversimplification of a comparison of “cherry-picked” segments of DNA and thus a misrepresentation of the actual genetic evidence. The amount of similarity, after further research is much, much larger than 2%.

Is Similarity A Good Or Bad Find?

There is similarity though, but not 98%. That number that keeps getting thrown out there. What might surprise you though is that creationists expect a significant amount of similarity.

The fact that God created man with a physiology similar to mammals should automatically clue anyone off that there is going to be similarity. Of course, man is not an animal; and even though our bodies are made from dust with a physiology similar to certain animals, man is made in a more unique way—in the image of an eternal, ruling, logical, knowledgeable, wise, and loving God.

The fact that we discovered similarity in our DNA (with hosts of other animals and plants too!) is an amazing confirmation of what we expect to find in light of Scripture. God is the brilliant designer—the greatest of engineers!

The test of a great engineer is to be able to reuse ideas, designs, materials, and parts in multiple applications—sometimes with slight modifications to the specific use. Seeing how God did this across the board with plants as well as with animal life—dwarfs anything that man could do. This excites me as a creationist. 

Apes like chimpanzees, gorillas, and others are not related to man.

Nevertheless, we need to be honest with the genetic data about similarity—there is some, but definitely not 98%. So, what is it? We’ll get to that but first, you need to understand where the 98% number came from, then you’ll be able to see why the new, more thorough, data is so powerful!

Where Did The 98% Number Come From?

By 1990, the claim of 98% similarity between humans and chimps was engrained in society. According to J. Cohen, it began with A. Wilson and M. King in the mid-1970s.[1] Other built on this.[2]

The 98% claim further took the world by storm when the human and chimp DNA was mapped and researchers were arguing genetically that it was 96-99%.[3]

However, the 98% similarity statistic arises from a flawed methodology that assumes the religion of secular humanism to be true from the outset (which holds to evolution). As a result, when secular scientists compare human and chimp genomes, they align sequences based on similarity and neglect the rest. Yes, you read that right!

Follow me here, significant portions of the genomes do not align well and are often excluded from the comparisons. This cherry-picking of data creates an inflated measure of similarity.

For example:

• Only the most comparable DNA sections (exons or protein-coding regions) were often compared.
• “Non-alignable” regions, which can differ significantly, were excluded, leading to an incomplete picture.

Thus, the comparison isn't a direct measurement of the entire genomes. In other words, if you ignore sections that aren’t similar and just look at sections that are, then you are not being true to the % similarity. Let me do an analogy to give you an idea of what is going on.

Let’s say you are in a grocery shop and you are going to compare two different cartons of eggs. When you look at the first dozen, all the eggs look good and none are cracked. Then you look at the second dozen and 5 are cracked and messy.

Now, if the grocer came up and said they are basically the same and offers to show you by closely comparing 6 good eggs from both containers to convince you that they are basically the same and then tries to sell you the dozen that contains the 5 broken eggs. Would you buy that argument (and that dozen eggs with 5 broken)? The grocer did an oversimplification and misrepresentation of the entire carton of eggs.

In the same way, the claim that humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their entire genome is an oversimplification and misrepresentation of genetic evidence.

The Entire Genome Comparisons

When the entire genomes of humans and chimpanzees were finally examined, the differences became far more than the often-cited 1–2%. There are major differences in structure such gene order, chromosome structure, indels, and genome length but are ignored in these early percentage-based similarity claims.

The 2005 analysis of the chimpanzee genome also pointed out that when considering the things that were initially not analyzed (e.g., insertions, deletions, and duplications), the differences between humans and chimps add up to be closer to 15% or more.[4]

Stop for a moment and ponder this—this is not a 3% difference or even a 4% difference, but a massive 15% difference! The initial claims of 98% similar were off by at least 13% by the evolutionists own reckoning. Yes, breathe this in for a moment and notice how the secular worldview influenced an entire generation to believe that humans and chimps were 98% when it wasn’t even close. By this study, 85% similar (could be more!). That is huge.

One should also highlight the importance of considering functional differences in the genome. Even small genetic differences can lead to major distinctions in traits, behavior, and biology. For example, regulatory DNA regions, which control how genes are expressed, show major differences between humans and chimps. Also, the expression and timing of genes involved in brain development, speech, and locomotion vary a lot.

To put this into perspective, even if there were a “superficial similarity” of 98% in sequences, the function of that DNA is what matters. Humans and chimps are fundamentally distinct creatures in terms of biological complexity, cognition, and design.

Anatomically, human and chimp feet have many differences.

One area where differences are especially dramatic is the Y chromosome—obviously talking males here. Researchers have shown in their studies that the human Y chromosome and chimp Y chromosome differ considerably—by up to 30–50% in sequence and structure.[5] This utterly destroys the idea of near-total genetic similarity. We are now talking about 50-70% differences in the y chromosomes. X chromosomes don’t fare much better when compared. Geneticist Jeffry Tompkins writes:

“Only 69% of the chimpanzee X chromosome was similar to human and only 43% of the Y chromosome. Genome-wide, only 70% of the chimpanzee DNA was similar to human under the most optimal sequence-slice conditions.”[6]

After the latest round of research, the overall average DNA similarity between humans and chimps is sitting at about 70%.[7] That 30% dissimilar is like an avalanche on the evolutionary claims of close similarity. This is massive dissimilarity throws a monkey wrench into the evolutionary claim of a close human-chimp ancestor.

Concluding Remarks

The oft-cited 98% similarity between human and chimpanzee DNA is a result of selective comparisons, “leaving-out” large genomic differences, and “incorrect-method-based” assumptions that favor evolutionary conclusions.

When the entire genome is considered, humans and chimps are far less similar, both genetically and functionally (only 70% similar). These findings actually more in line with what we expect with the biblical view that humans are uniquely created in God's image, distinct from animals.

To better understand the details of this discussion, I highly recommend that you read:

1. D. DeWitt What About the Similarity Between Human and Chimp DNA?, The New Answers Book 3 (Ham and Hodge gen. eds.), January 14, 2014.

2. J. Bergman and J. Tomkins Is the human genome nearly identical to chimpanzee?—a reassessment of the literature, Journal of Creation 26(1):54–60, April, 2012

3. J. Tompkins Comprehensive Analysis of Chimpanzee and Human Chromosomes Reveals Average DNA Similarity of 70%, Answers Research Journal 6 (2013): 63–69, February 20, 2013.

---

[1] J. Cohen, Relative differences: the myth of 1%, Science Magazine 316:1836, June, 29, 2007.

[2] Hoyer et al., Examination of hominid evolution by DNA sequence homology, Journal of Human Evolution 1:645–649, 1972; C. Sibley and J. Ahlquist, The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization, Journal of Molecular Evolution 20:2–15, 1984; C. Sibley, DNA hybridization evidence of hominoid phylogeny: a reanalysis of the data, Journal of Molecular Evolution 30:202–236, 1990. 

[3] Broad Institute Communications, Comparison of human and chimpanzee genomes reveals striking similarities and differences, Broad Institute, August 31, 2005, https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/comparison-human-and-chimpanzee-genomes-reveals-striking-similarities-and-differences; The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. Nature. 437:69-87. DOI:10.1038/nature04072.

[4] The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. Nature. 437:69-87. DOI:10.1038/nature04072.

[5] J. Tompkins Comprehensive Analysis of Chimpanzee and Human Chromosomes Reveals Average DNA Similarity of 70%, Answers Research Journal 6 (2013): 63–69, February 20, 2013.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.