Friday, October 23, 2026

No Bones Would Be Broken

No Bones Would Be Broken

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, October 23, 2026 (Donate)

Therefore purge out the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, since you truly are unleavened. For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us. (1 Corinthians 5:7, NKJV)

Christ is our eternal Passover. In Christ’s sacrifice, He was put to death by order of the High Priest after inspection seeing that He was without blemish (hence, they had to throw false charges at Him; Mark 14:53-63). This was in keeping with the Old Testament Law (e.g., Exodus 12:5; Leviticus 22:17-25; Malachi 1:6-14).

There were other laws pertaining to the sacrificial lamb. One of them had to do with its bones—don’t break any. I’m not sure if we should “break a leg” as we dive into this fascinating subject.

The Passover Lamb And The Old Testament Commandment

God instituted the Passover in Exodus 12 based on a real historical event. He gave specific instructions about the selection and preparing of the Passover lamb. The lamb was to be a male without blemish (Exodus 12:5), and at the first Passover, its blood was to be placed on the doorposts and lintel of the Israelite homes. This protected the firstborn from death when God’s judgment came upon Egypt.

A humble Moses brought the Israelites out of Egypt after the Passover and penned the Law; Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

One particularly important command was that none of the lamb's bones were to be broken.

In one house it shall be eaten; you shall not carry any of the flesh outside the house, nor shall you break one of its bones. (Exodus 12:46, NKJV).

This command was reiterated in Numbers 9:12. The lamb was to stay physically intact, even in death. These instructions weren’t arbitrary. The Passover lamb was a type and shadow pointing forward to the ultimate Passover Lamb, Jesus Christ (e.g., 1 Corinthians 5:7; Hebrews 10:1).

Jesus, The Ultimate Passover Lamb

Jesus was identified as the Lamb of God by John the Baptist (John 1:29, 36). Unlike the repeated animal sacrifices under the Old Testament sacrificial system, Christ offered Himself once for all as the perfect sacrifice for sin (Hebrews 10:10-14). And He could do that being the very nature of God!

As the sinless Son of God, Jesus fulfilled what the Passover lamb symbolized. Powerfully, the command concerning unbroken bones also sees its fulfillment in His crucifixion.

John 19:33 records that when the Roman soldiers approached Jesus on the cross when they were about to break His legs, they discovered He was already dead. Therefore, they didn’t break His legs. John specifically identifies this as the fulfillment of Scripture:

"For these things were done that the Scripture should be fulfilled, 'Not one of His bones shall be broken'" (John 19:36, NKJV).

Psalm 34:20 also declares that God guards the bones of the righteous and that none are broken, providing another possible prophetic connection.

Why Did The Soldiers Not Break His Legs?

Let’s discuss this in more detail. Roman soldiers sometimes practiced what they called “crurifragium”, the breaking of a crucified person's legs, to speed up the dying process. On a cross, a victim must use their legs to push up on the nail that is pierces their feet and foot nerves just to take each breath—it is excruciating! The victim trades immense pain for each breath. But with broken legs, they can’t do this any longer. Hence, they die much quicker, as they can’t breathe properly anymore.

Romans soldiers about to break the legs of one of the thieves on the adjacent crosses, next to Christ; Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

John 19:31-32 explains that the Jewish leaders requested the removal of the bodies before the Sabbath, particularly because it was a high day (a Sabbath that fell during the Passover Week celebrations). The soldiers consequently broke the legs of the two criminals crucified alongside Jesus. However, Jesus had already died. And this makes sense, Jesus was as up all night, beaten fiercely by the Romans, lashed with an unnumbered amount of Roman lashes—perhaps hundreds, and a crown of thorns was thrust onto His head.

John 19:30 says that Jesus declared, "it is finished!" and gave up His spirit. Luke 23:46 also records Jesus committing His spirit into His Father's hands before breathing His last.

Keep in mind though that Jesus also taught that He had authority to lay down His life and take it again (John 10:17-18). Thus, His death was in accordance with God's purpose, even with the enemies of Christ conspiring against Him. Through all this, and unbeknownst to the Roman soldiers, they fulfilled a prophecy about Jesus and his bones not being broken.

Pierced Instead Of Broken

Although the soldiers didn’t break Jesus' legs, one soldier pierced His side with a spear. Blood and water came out (John 19:34). John immediately connects this event with another prophetic passage:

And again another Scripture says, “They shall look on Him whom they pierced.” (John 19:37, NKJV).

This goes back to to Zechariah 12:10, written centuries before the crucifixion. The fulfillment is amazing. Jesus was indeed pierced, yet His bones remained unbroken, just as Scripture had foretold. Did we expect anything less from an all-powerful and all-knowing God who sits sovereignly on the throne?

Used Roman spear at the based of the Cross; Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

A Caution Regarding Images Of Christ

When producing illustrations, paintings, models, or crucifixion exhibits, Christians should exercise care in representing Christ's injuries.

Scripture states that none of His bones were broken. As a result, depictions showing fractured legs, nails through bones, broken ribs, or other shattered bones would be in contradiction with this biblical prophecy and fulfillment.

Therefore, artists should avoid depicting nails driven directly through bones or portraying fractures on the body of Christ.

Conclusion

The unbroken bones of Jesus Christ is an incredible confirmation between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Passover lamb pointed forward to the ultimate Passover of Christ, whose perfect sacrifice accomplished what animal sacrifices could never accomplish.

Jesus was pierced but not broken, fulfilling Scripture in amazing detail. God wasn’t tricked. His death was no accident. It was the sovereign plan of God to redeem us, as fallen and broken sinners, through the blood of the final and supreme Passover Lamb (1 Peter 1:18-19).

□

Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist defending 6-day creation and opposing evolution since 1998. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

*Image by generative program as requested by Bodie Hodge

 

Thursday, October 22, 2026

Thirty Pieces Of Silver

Thirty Pieces Of Silver

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, October 22, 2026 (Donate)

Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests and said, “What are you willing to give me if I deliver Him to you?” And they counted out to him thirty pieces of silver. So from that time he sought opportunity to betray Him. (Matthew 26:14-16, NKJV)

Silver was commonly used in jewelry and coinage; Image requested by Bodie Hodge* 

Silver is a beautiful and precious metal. It has hosts of uses beyond the common jewelry and coins. It’s used in classic film photography for instance.

Silver is used in photography; Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

The Value Of Gold, Silver, And Precious Stones

The value of silver, as well as gold, and precious stones, goes back to the earliest chapters of Genesis. Genesis 2:11-12 describes the pre-Flood, pre-Fall land of Havilah, where there was gold, bdellium, and onyx stone. Even before the Fall, God had created a world containing valuable and beautiful materials. These weren’t products of evolutionary development but part of God's original creation.

Following the Fall, mankind continued to recognize the value of these rare materials and it was used as currency. Abraham possessed silver and gold (Genesis 13:2), and Abraham's servant presented precious gifts when seeking a wife for Isaac (Genesis 24:22, 53). Scripture also describes silver being used in commercial transactions, including Abraham's purchase of a burial property for Sarah for 400 shekels of silver (Genesis 23:15-16).

The biblical foundation of precious metals is a Christian concept predicated on God's creation. However, their use as money and measures of wealth developed throughout man’s history.

Silver Was Secondary To Gold

Throughout biblical history, gold was generally more valuable than silver. That still rings true today by a large gap! Both served as measures of wealth, but gold often represented greater riches, royalty, and splendor.

During Solomon's reign, Israel experienced extraordinary prosperity. God’s Word says that the king made silver as common in Jerusalem as stones (1 Kings 10:27). Furthermore, 1 Kings 10:21 states that silver wasn’t considered valuable in Solomon's days because of the abundance of gold!

Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

Nevertheless, silver remained important for commerce, offerings, and everyday transactions. Its value also yields an important background prophecy for understanding the betrayal of Jesus Christ.

The Prophecy Of Thirty Pieces Of Silver

Several centuries before Christ's crucifixion, Zechariah, God’s servant, recorded an prophetic passage:

Then I said to them, “If it is agreeable to you, give me my wages; and if not, refrain.” So they weighed out for my wages thirty pieces of silver. And the LORD said to me, “Throw it to the potter”  — that princely price they set on me. So I took the thirty pieces of silver and threw them into the house of the LORD for the potter. (Zechariah 11:12-13, NKJV).

The following verse describes the money being thrown to the potter in the house of the LORD (Zechariah 11:13). This prophetic passage contains an intriguing parallel to silver for which Judas sold Christ. It included the precise amount of silver and its eventual movement to a potter!

Thirty pieces of silver is also the compensation specified in Exodus 21:32 when an ox killed another person's male or female servant. Do realize the significance of this? This shows a striking contrast between the monetary value assigned to the death of a servant. Jesus came to serve even though His value is beyond an infinite worth being the Creator and the Son of God.

Nevertheless, Jesus was literally treated as a lowly servant. Jesus came into the world in a lowly fashion and laid in a manger and when was put to death at the end of His earthly life He was still treated and sold into death as lowly servant.

Judas Betrays Christ

Matthew 26:14-16 reveals that Judas Iscariot—influenced by Satan—approached the chief priests and asking what they would give him to betray Jesus. They agreed upon thirty pieces of silver—a servant’s price. Understand that this was pocket change to the chief priests at the Temple.

Judas then sought an opportunity to betray Christ. He eventually betrayed Him with a kiss in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:47-50). The religious leaders who should have recognized their Messiah instead conspired to have Him arrested and killed.

Judas willingly participated in their wicked scheme for a relatively modest sum. It shows the heart of Judas, He didn’t value Christ—even after seeing miracles and even raising people from the dead (e.g., Lazarus). Judas had a heart so easily sifted by Satan. Satan tried to sift Peter as well, but Jesus wouldn’t let him (Luke 22:31).

Yet none of this surprised God. The betrayal fulfilled Scripture and was part of the events leading to Christ's sacrificial death.

What Became Of The Thirty Pieces Of Silver?

After Jesus was condemned, Judas experienced remorse and returned the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, declaring that he had betrayed innocent blood (Matthew 27:3-4).

Silver thrown into the Temple; Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

When they refused to accept the silver back, Judas threw the silver into the Temple and departed. He subsequently hung himself (Matthew 27:5) and then his body fell and was split open by rocks (Acts 1:18).

The chief priests refused to place the money into the Temple treasury because it was blood money—and they knew it (and Judas knew he betrayed innocent blood too, but it was too late for him). Instead, they purchased the potter's field as a burial place for strangers (Matthew 27:6-8).

Matthew 27:9-10 directly connects with the imagery of Zechariah 11:12-13. The field became known as the Field of Blood, a lasting reminder of the terrible transaction.

Conclusion

Thirty pieces of silver became one of history's most infamous payments. Judas exchanged loyalty to the sinless Son of God for a small amount of earthly wealth. He traded his own eternal soul for thirty pieces of silver that he didn’t even keep! This deal was infinitely worse than the rash and ungodly deal Esau did with Jacob—where he sold his birthright (and thus, his blessing) for a bowl of soup (Genesis 25:29-34)!

Yet even this betrayal couldn’t overthrow God's plan. Christ willingly and sacrificially went to the Cross, bore the infinite punishment for our sin, and rose victoriously from the grave.

The silver purchased a burial field, but Christ's precious blood purchased eternal redemption for His people (1 Peter 1:18-19). The lesson is unmissable: earthly silver and gold are temporary, but salvation through Jesus Christ is eternal.

□

Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist defending 6-day creation and opposing evolution since 1998. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

*Image by generative program as requested by Bodie Hodge

 

Wednesday, October 21, 2026

Seed Of The Woman Vs. Seed Of The Serpent

Seed Of The Woman Vs. Seed Of The Serpent

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, October 21, 2026 (Donate)

When Adam and Eve sinned, it set in motion a nearly insurmountable problem—death. This problem was so bad in fact, that the only one in a position to solve it was the God of life Himself.

In Genesis 3 after Adam sinned, our all-knowing God made a statement that we call the “protoevangelium”. Don’t let the fancy word scare you, it is simply the first prophecy of the good news of Jesus Christ who will come to the rescue us. It is stated in Genesis 3:15, being the Seed of the woman or some translations say “offspring of the woman”.

The Bible talks further about that Seed and it culminates in the Seed’s arrival—Jesus Christ who stepped into history via the virgin Mary. I intentionally cap Seed when in reference to Christ. But a close examination of Genesis 3:15, yields two seeds. The other is the seed of the serpent (left uncapped).

Christ figuratively crushing the head of the serpent; Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

The Protoevangelium Of Genesis 3:15 And Its Significance To Christ

The battle between the Seed of the woman and the seed of the serpent began in Genesis 3, shortly after Adam and Eve sinned. When God pronounced judgment upon the serpent (influenced by Satan per Revelation 12:9,20:2), He declared:

And I will put enmity Between you and the woman, And between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, And you shall bruise His heel.” (Genesis 3:15, NKJV).

This Protoevangelium literally means the "first gospel." It is the earliest biblical announcement of the coming Redeemer, Jesus Christ. Satan deceptively used a serpent to deceived Eve and this ultimately brought about mankind's fall into sin. Even so, God promised that the Seed of the woman would ultimately defeat the serpent.

The bruising of the heel represents Christ's suffering and death, while the bruising of the serpent's head points to Satan's decisive defeat through Christ.

The Seed Is Christ

Throughout the Old Testament, God progressively revealed the identity and lineage of this promised Seed.

The promise continued through Abraham, to whom God declared that through his Seed all nations would be blessed (Genesis 22:18). This promise passed through Isaac (Genesis 26:4), Jacob (Genesis 28:14), Judah (Genesis 49:10), and eventually King David (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

The prophets further identified the coming Messiah as a descendant of David (Isaiah 11:1-10; Jeremiah 23:5-6). Isaiah 7:14 also foretold the virgin birth, and this shows the extraordinary arrival of the promised Redeemer—as well as the miraculous conception of Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit.

King David in a discontinued exhibit at the Creation Museum; Photo by Bodie Hodge

The Holy Spirit, through Paul points out that the Seed is indeed Christ. Galatians 3:16 states:

Now to Abraham and his Seed were the promises made. He does not say, “And to seeds,” as of many, but as of one, “And to your Seed,” who is Christ. (NKJV).

Jesus Christ is the promised Seed who fulfills God's promises and brings salvation though His death, burial, and resurrection to those who believe on Him (Galatians 3:26-29).

The Seed Of The Serpent And The Brood Of Vipers

The serpent's seed were those who follow Satan’s rebellion against Jesus Christ. This isn’t a physical bloodline but a spiritual identification through sinful allegiance and opposition to God.

Jesus confronted certain religious leaders who rejected Him, declaring,

“You are of your father the devil, and the desires of your father you want to do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks from his own resources, for he is a liar and the father of it. (John 8:44, NKJV).

Both John the Baptist and Jesus called certain Pharisees and Sadducees who opposed Him a "brood of vipers" (e.g., Matthew 3:7; 12:34; 23:33). A brood of vipers is literally the seed or offspring of the serpent! This language reveals the serpent's deceptive and destructive nature.

Rather than recognizing their promised Messiah, these leaders opposed Him, plotted His death, and sought to destroy the very Seed promised in Genesis 3:15 (Matthew 26:3-4). Of course, they, along with the priests (including the approval of the High Priest), had to bring false charges against Jesus to put Him to death.

Satan’s direct involvement can be seen in his entrance into Judas to begin the ordeal of Jesus being betrayed into the hand of sinners (e.g., Luke 22:3; John 13:27).

The Battle Culminated At The Crucifixion And Resurrection

The conflict between the seeds reached its climax when Jesus was betrayed, falsely accused, condemned, and then He was crucified.

Satan's opposition appeared successful when Christ died upon the cross. Yet the crucifixion wasn’t Satan's victory. It was part of God's predetermined plan of redemption (Acts 2:23-24).

Through His sacrificial death, Christ paid the full penalty for sin (the infinite wrath of God placed on Him for our sin!), and through His bodily resurrection, He conquered death (1 Corinthians 15:3-4, 54-57).

Christ rescued us from the death brought about by Adam's sin (Romans 5:12); Image from Presentation Library

The Holy Spirit says that through death Christ destroyed the power of the devil, who had the power of death (Hebrews 2:14; see also Romans 6:9). Colossians 2:15 describes Christ's triumph over the powers of darkness. Christ has all authority ion heaven and earth (e.g., Mattew 28:18-20; 1 Peter 4:11)

The serpent bruised Christ's heel, but Christ crushed the serpent's head. A heel wound vs a crushed head yields one winner! The final judgment of Satan remains certain and His activities is broken—yet, he is still powerful but his time is short (e.g., Revelation 12:12, 20:10).

Recap

In the battle of the seeds, there can be only one! The resurrection proved the wound to Christ’s heel was recoverable. But Satan’s demise will hold for eternity. Genesis 3:15 points forward to Christ and His work ultimately on the Cross. From Eden to Calvary and the empty tomb, Scripture reveals God's promise to defeat Satan through Jesus Christ.

What began with mankind's fall culminated in Christ's victorious resurrection. The promised Seed of the woman conquered sin, death, and Satan, securing eternal life for all who believe in Him (John 11:25-26). The serpent's apparent victory at the cross was like rug pulled out from under him and left him in eternal defeat through the risen Christ!

□

Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist defending 6-day creation and opposing evolution since 1998. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

*Image by generative program as requested by Bodie Hodge

 

Monday, October 19, 2026

The Apostles Would Not Recant!

 The Apostles Would Not Recant!

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, October 19, 2026 (Donate)

The Apostles held firmly and boldly to the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ. Having witnessed the risen Lord, they proclaimed His victory over death despite persecution, beatings, imprisonment, threats, and even martyrdom (i.e., being put to death—in horrible ways too!).

The Apostles waiting in the upper in prayer and supplication per Acts 1; Image requested by Bodie Hodge* 

After His resurrection, Jesus appeared to His disciples over forty days, providing many infallible proofs that He was alive (Acts 1:3). He commissioned them to preach the gospel throughout the world (Matthew 28:18-20; Acts 1:8). Following His ascension, these once-frightened disciples became courageous and bold witnesses by the power of the Holy Spirit, declaring that Jesus Christ had risen from the grave.

Where Did The Apostles Preach After Jesus' Ascension?

The Apostles of Jesus Christ, including Matthias, Paul, Barnabas, and James the Lord's brother, but excluding the betrayer Judas Iscariot (who killed himself), spread the gospel throughout the known world. Scripture records some of their missionary activities, while early Christian writers preserve traditions concerning others.

With some, little is known but I’m including the popular traditions per some local areas—keep in mind that many Apostles (and the 70 extended disciples per Luke 10:1-17) may have went to other places that are simply not recorded as well.

Biblical accounts are authoritative, while later historical traditions vary in reliability (e.g. Eusebius and Josephus are rather reliable but the Acts of Thomas aren’t at that level). The following summarizes their reported missionary destinations and brief reference or authority on it.

  1. Peter (Simon Peter): Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, Joppa, Caesarea, and Antioch (Acts 2-12; Galatians 2:11). Traditions also place him in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Bithynia, and finally Rome for his execution (Eusebius, Church History, 3.1).
  2. Andrew: Traditionally, he preached in Scythia (north of the Black Sea), Asia Minor, and Greece, particularly Achaia (Eusebius, Church History, 3.1). Tradition from Scotland say his bones were brought to Scotland at Kilrymont in Fife and thus it was renamed St Andrews.[1]
  3. James, son of Zebedee: Ministered in Jerusalem and Judea. Scripture records his execution by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1-2). A later tradition associates him with travelling to Spain at one point but this is without certainty.
  4. John, son of Zebedee: Jerusalem and Samaria (Acts 3-8); traditionally Asia Minor, especially Ephesus, and then was banished to Patmos Island (Revelation 1:9; Eusebius, Church History, 3.1).
  5. Philip: Traditionally preached in Phrygia, particularly Hierapolis in Asia Minor (Eusebius, Church History, 3.31). He shouldn’t be confused with Philip the evangelist in Acts 8.
  6. Bartholomew: Traditionally preached in India, Armenia, and possibly Mesopotamia (Eusebius, Church History, 5.10; Armenian Christian tradition).
  7. Thomas (Didymus): Traditionally preached in Parthia (Persia) and India, particularly southern India (Eusebius, Church History, 3.1; Acts of Thomas, a later nonbiblical account).
  8. Matthew (Levi): Traditionally preached in Judea, Ethiopia, and possibly Persia. His destinations outside Judea remain uncertain (Socrates Scholasticus, Church History, 1.19; later traditions).
  9. James, son of Alphaeus: Traditionally associated with preaching in Palestine and possibly Egypt. Reliable historical information about his later travels is extremely limited.
  10. Simon the Zealot: Traditions place his missionary activities in Egypt, Persia, and possibly regions surrounding the Black Sea. These accounts differ considerably.
  11. Judas Thaddaeus, not Iscariot: Traditionally preached in Syria, Mesopotamia, Edessa, and Persia, with Armenian traditions also associating him with Armenia.
  12. Matthias: Chosen to replace Judas Iscariot (Acts 1:21-26). Traditions associate him with Judea, Cappadocia, and regions near the Black Sea, although his movements are uncertain.
  13. Paul (Saul of Tarsus): Preached throughout Arabia, Damascus, Syria, Cilicia, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Jerusalem, Casearia, Greece, Rome, and possibly Spain. His ministry extended toward Illyricum (Acts 13-28; Romans 15:19, 24-28; Galatians 1:15-21). Tradition records his martyrdom in Rome (Eusebius, Church History, 2.25).
  14. Barnabas: Preached in Jerusalem, Antioch, Cyprus, and Asia Minor, including Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe (Acts 11-15). Tradition places his later ministry and death in Cyprus.
  15. James, the Lord's brother: Became a prominent leader of the Jerusalem church (Acts 15:13; Galatians 1:19; 2:9). His martyrdom in Jerusalem is recorded by Josephus (Antiquities, 20.9.1).

Several Apostles traveled to multiple regions, and their missionary activities sometimes overlapped. Their combined testimony helped carry the gospel across the Roman Empire and beyond.

Paul trekking to Arabia to do his first ministry per Galatians 1:15-21 (conveniently, the Latin name for English name Arabia is also Arabia!); Image requested by Bodie Hodge*

Why Was This Important?

As a whole, the Apostles were willing to suffer and die because they firmly believed Jesus had conquered death. He possessed the keys of Hades and Death (Revelation 1:18). They loved Him and understood that eternal life was found in Him alone (John 14:6).

Peter and John boldly declared that they couldn’t stop speaking about what they had seen and heard (Acts 4:19-20). Even when threatened and beaten, the Apostles continued preaching Christ (Acts 5:40-42).

People sometimes die for false beliefs they sincerely think are true. However, the Apostles claimed to be eyewitnesses of the risen Christ (Acts 2:32; 1 Corinthians 15:3-8). If they had knowingly fabricated the resurrection, they would have understood their deception.

Although Scripture doesn’t document the martyrdom of every Apostle or record individual opportunities to recant, there is no reliable early evidence that any repudiated their testimony of Christ's resurrection.

Their courage, to us, should be powerful! They endured hardship, imprisonment, lashes, persecution, and, in several documented or traditionally reported cases, death—in tortuous ways.

The Apostles’ unwavering proclamation was that Jesus Christ had risen bodily from the grave. Their message wasn’t merely that Jesus had lived, taught, and died, but that He was alive forevermore! Their conviction was simple and summed up by Peter:

But Simon Peter answered Him, “Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. “Also we have come to believe and know that You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” (John 6:68-69, NKJV).

How Were The Apostles Martyred?

The initial twelve Apostles were the initial disciples, minus the betrayer—Judas Iscariot. And then Matthias who replaced him (Acts 1:26). There were other Apostles elevated and listed in Scripture, all with equal authority. The most famous of these were Paul (also called Saul). But there was also Barnabas and the Lord’s brother (James).

Of course, Jesus Christ is The Apostle of God who was crucified in Jerusalem. Unlike all others, He resurrected and we await the general resurrection of the living and the death. The Apostles of Jesus are listed below.

Table 1: Apostles of Jesus: References and Death Traditions

Apostle

Bible Reference Identifying as Apostle

Death (Biblical or Early Church Tradition)

Primary Historical Source(s)

Peter

Matthew 10:2; Acts 1:13

Crucified upside down in Rome under Nero (tradition).

Origen; Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History

Andrew

Matthew 10:2

Crucified on an X-shaped cross in Patras, Greece.

Acts of Andrew; early church tradition

James (son of Zebedee)

Matthew 10:2; Acts 1:13

Beheaded by order of Herod Agrippa I.

Acts 12:2

John

Matthew 10:2; Acts 1:13

Died of old age in Ephesus after exile on Patmos.

Irenaeus; Eusebius

Philip

Matthew 10:3

Martyred by crucifixion or hanging in Hierapolis.

Polycrates of Ephesus

Bartholomew (Nathanael)

Matthew 10:3; John 1:45–49

Flayed alive and beheaded according to tradition.

Eusebius; Armenian tradition

Matthew (Levi)

Matthew 10:3; Matthew 9:9

Killed by sword or spear while ministering.

Early church traditions

Thomas

Matthew 10:3; John 20:24

Speared to death in India.

Acts of Thomas

James (son of Alphaeus)

Matthew 10:3

Stoned or beaten to death.

Hegesippus; Eusebius

Thaddaeus (Jude/Lebbaeus)

Matthew 10:3; Jude 1

Killed with clubs or arrows in Persia.

Early Syriac tradition

Simon the Zealot

Matthew 10:4

Martyred, possibly sawn in two or crucified.

Later church tradition

Matthias

Acts 1:26

Stoned and then beheaded according to tradition.

Nicephorus; early church writers

Paul

Acts 14:14; Galatians 1:1

Beheaded in Rome under Nero.

Clement of Rome; Eusebius

Barnabas

Acts 14:14

Stoned to death in Cyprus.

Acts of Barnabas

James (the Lord’s brother)

Galatians 1:19

Thrown from the Temple and beaten to death.

Josephus; Hegesippus

John, although persecuted in the tribulation (Revelation 1:9), was banished to a penal colony in Patmos. So although he was the sole one who wasn’t martyred, he still felt the persecution in a very personal and harsh way.

The point is that they Apostles of Christ, were willing to stand of Jesus Christ, His death and resurrection and the threat or death or being put to death wouldn’t stop their testimony.

The Apostles were unwavering in their following of Jesus Christ—even into death. Even with all the persecution, Christianity began to explode and Christianity continues to grow today and transform lives with the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

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Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist defending 6-day creation and opposing evolution since 1998. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

*Image by generative program as requested by Bodie Hodge

 



[1] Editors, Saint Andrew, Religion and Ethics, BBC, Accessed October 19, 2026, https://www.bbc.co.uk/southscotland/content/articles/2008/11/05/saintandrew_feature.shtml.

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