Thursday, February 12, 2026

Is Man Getting “Smarter”?

Is Man Getting “Smarter”?

Modern Technology, Ancient Man, and the Explosion of Science

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 12, 2026 (Donate)

Introduction

We live in a technological age. We see incredible inventions all around us that have been mastered since the Industrial Revolution. We have computers, phones, radar, heart stents, cars, jets, spaceships (and a space station!), and let’s not forget the brilliant invention called...air conditioning!

We might be tempted to say that man is getting smarter because we have all these great inventions and new gadgets right around the corner. But are we? I suggest we need to exercise caution on this subject.

The Secularization of the Modern Mind

Our secularized leaders teach a strange history. We are told that we were once dumb brutes in an evolutionary past—no different from animals— but over the millennia we got a little smarter and came out of Africa and learned how to be farmers instead of hunters and gatherers.

My domesticated black raspberries one year; Photo by Bodie Hodge

Then we began building basic settlements and then civilizations and finally empires. So here we are sitting on top of the food chain because, unlike “other animals,” we have become smarter and smarter to become masters of our domain.

Okay, so this is a bunch of hogwash—man is made unique from animals and created in the image of God! But people believe these lies because this is what has been imposed upon them in secular schools, secular media, secular museums, and so on—it was imposed on me!

Do you realize this alleged evolutionary history is not recorded by ancient historians in any culture? It is a modern fairly tale. It is a story that comes out of modern religions like secular humanism (including atheism and so on).

But as a result, kids of the next generation look at technology today and misunderstand it. They presume that, since we have more technology, we are “getting smarter” just like the evolutionary story says.

Is Man Getting Smarter?

The simple answer is no. What we have is a greater accumulation of knowledge from which we build the next set of technology. Do we have some brilliant people in our culture—yes. Do we have some people who are not so brilliant—yes. In fact, you might be able to name some (be nice!).


Modern tech utilized in a factory; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Did you know that in ancient times there were brilliant people (even after man’s fall into sin) and some who were not so brilliant? Let’s do a quick analysis of ancient brilliance.

Brilliance of Ancient Man

Did you know that, soon after the Tower of Babel, the ancient Minoans had designed and built structures with beams strategically located within the rock walls to absorb earthquake shock and to prevent collapse and structural damage![1]

Did you know that the ancient Cappadocians built a number of underground complexes in what is modern-day Turkey? Derinkuyu, perhaps the most famous, is one of the largest that we know of. It is an underground, multi-story building complete with an irrigation system to bring fresh water and ventilation to bring fresh air. Its depth continued to about 200 feet (60 meters) and could hold about 20,000 people with food supplies as well as their livestock! Journalist April Holloway writes:

The region of Anatolia in Turkey is famous for its underground cities, particularly in the region of Cappadocia where more than 40 complete underground cities and 200 underground villages and tunnel towns complete with hidden passages, secret rooms, and ancient temples have been found.[2]

In 2015, another underground city emerged in Cappadocia at Nevşehir that is now estimated to be larger than Derinkuyu![3]

A possible style of the Tower of Babel with a 65 meter base (the lowest platform base) as imagined by ChatGPT; Image requested by Bodie Hodge

Did you know that in ancient Rome, they engineered a cup utilizing nanotechnology that changes color wavelength depending on which direction the light enters the cup and based on the direction of the observer! It can be green or red. It is called the Lycurgus Cup.[4]


Lycurgus Cup, Fourth Century; This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license.

Furthermore, the way this cup was designed makes it possible to detect types of poisons. The reason is simple. When you add various liquids in the cup, it makes the wavelength change, and because it is so sensitive to certain things (like salt concentrations for example), the color again varies. When it holds water, it appears green; but when it holds oil, it appears red. If the cup changes colors when you think you are drinking water . . . beware!

Did you know that batteries were used over 3,000 years ago.[5]

Did you know that in Sacsayhuaman (also spelled Saksaywaman), ancient Peruvians displayed brilliant stone-cutting capabilities in their temples, walls, and structures?


Sacsayhuaman in Peru; Photo by Bodie Hodge (my friend Nathan for scale)

Their ability is reminiscent of the charge in Solomon’s day to build the Temple:

And the temple, when it was being built, was built with stone finished at the quarry, so that no hammer or chisel or any iron tool was heard in the temple while it was being built. (1 Kings 6:7)

Stone cutting and building was intricate and precise.

So many other examples, like the building of the pyramids, Stonehenge, the Pont Du Gard aqueduct (50 km long), or even Noah’s Ark (you can now see a full-size replica based on the Lovett design at the Ark Encounter in Northern Kentucky), are merely a taste of ancient man’s brilliant achievements.

Explosion of Modern Technology—Built on a Biblical Worldview?

After the Flood, a godly worldview dominated. As cultures deviated at Babel and down through the ages, man abandoned a godly and biblical worldview (of what had been revealed from Adam down through Noah) in favor of man’s flawed ideas (i.e. forms of humanism). As they began worshipping ancestors and false gods, their general worldview deteriorated into many various paths of paganism.

This affected science and innovation in a general pattern. It caused technology to remain nearly stagnant—with a few exceptions of course. A mind and culture with little hope has little desire grow in the knowledge of God’s world (albeit sin-cursed and broken). Many worldviews even deter science and technology because of their very nature (e.g., animism).

Animism, for example, has spirit beings that help or harm human interests in the physical world. Thus causality, which is the basis for observable and repeatable science, is meaningless because aspects of nature are controlled by the spirits rather than by a God who has promised to uphold things in a consistent fashion.) (For more on world religions read World Religions and Cults Box Set.)

As Christianity began to explode in Europe prior to AD 1400, people began returning to a godly, biblical worldview leading up to the early modern period. This gave them the proper understanding of the world around them. Acknowledging that our all-knowing (Psalm 147:5) and all-powerful (e.g., Jeremiah 32:27) God upholds the world (Hebrews 1:3) and that He has promised to do so in the future until the end (e.g., Genesis 8:22), gives us the basis for doing observable and repeatable science. This presupposition is vital to make science possible.

As a result Christians began systematically studying the world and how it works (operational science). Most fields of science were developed by Bible believers—even the scientific method was developed by a young-earth creationist, Sir Francis Bacon![6]

As Biblically-based science erupted, technology, knowledge, inventions, and innovation built one on top of the other. This brings us to the world in which we live, built on centuries of technology.

Biomimicry

Our technology continues to grow so that even non-Christian religious persons, such as atheists[7] and Hindus,[8] are joining in the technological increase built on a biblical worldview (whether they realize it or not). Though I could mention many areas of research, such as materials advancements, rapid geology, and baraminology, I want to mention one in particular: biomimicry.

Biomimicry is a field in which scientists and engineers develop new technology based on observations of the way God designed plants, animals, and so on. In other words, it is mimicking design features from the ultimate designer—God.

· Perhaps one of the most popular examples is Velcro. God did it first, and we can see it with plants like the cocklebur. Hence, George de Mestral mimicked this biological design.

· More recently bat sonar is being used in canes (Ultracane[9]) to help the blind detect obstacles.

· Optical materials are being developed from bird feathers that have nanostructures (like the cup mentioned before) that utilize light, instead of pigment, to make color![10]

· Bombardier beetles (the ones that shoot “fire”) were used to develop pulse nozzles with a pressure relief valve system.[11]

Again, these few examples should whet your appetite to understand more about the amazing intricacies of God’s design in nature.

Conclusion


I humbly suggest that as the culture moves away from a biblical understanding of the world, so will they also miss out on certain scientific advancements—or at least delay them. Consider the unbiblical worldview of millions of years: researchers never thought oil could be produced quickly because they had been indoctrinated with the idea that oil production took vast ages. Yet oil can be made in 30 minutes from algae.[12]

Imagine if researchers in the 1960s had been thinking correctly (i.e., a younger age of the earth and thus rapid oil production at the time of the Flood) and had developed technology based on that truth. It could have revolutionized the oil industry in our current age! Instead, researchers only recently figured it out.

Oil Storage when pumped out of the ground; Photo by Bodie Hodge

I want to encourage you to think biblically. It makes sense of the world and makes sense of science and technology. Even so, we are in a world where the Bible comes under increasing attack, and secular scientists want to divorce science from the Bible (see “Is Science Secular?”). Science exists because the Bible is true. There is no reason to suppress this knowledge (Romans 1:18–21).

Man has always been brilliant according to the Bible—both in the past and in the present. The difference today is that we have more accumulated knowledge and technologies.

Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.  Originally at Answers in Genesis; Edited; Republished by permission.

 



[1] Matthew Zuk, “The Minoan Civilization: Proof of Advanced Nature,” The Genius of Ancient Man, April 17, 2013, http://geniusofancientman.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-minoan-civilization-1.html.

[2] April Holloway, “The Ancient Underground City Discovered Beneath a House in Anatolia,” Ancient Origins, August 25, 2014,  http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/home-owner-discovers-ancient-underground-city-anatolia-102001. 

[3] Jennifer Pinkowski, “Massive Underground City Found in Cappadocia Region of Turkey,” National Geographic, March 26, 2015, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/03/150325-underground-city-cappadocia-turkey-archaeology/.

[4] Zeeya Merali, “This 1,600-Year-Old Goblet Shows that the Romans Were Nanotechnology Pioneers,” Smithsonian, September 2013, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/this-1600-year-old-goblet-shows-that-the-romans-were-nanotechnology-pioneers-787224/?no-ist.

[5] David Down, “Why the Electric Battery Was Forgotten,” Answers in Genesis, March 1, 1994, https://answersingenesis.org/archaeology/ancient-technology/why-the-electric-battery-was-forgotten/.

[6] Francis Bacon, The Works of Francis Bacon, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1819), 480–488.

[7] Consider that in an atheistic worldview, which is materialistic and naturalistic, there is no reason that tenets of science (e.g. logic, conclusions, knowing that natural law won't change in the future, and so on) should exist There is no certain or foundational reason that an atheistic worldview should account for a rational universe where scientific inquiry is possible.

[8] In Eastern religions, all is one. The doctrine of Maya (so named in Hinduism) is that all things are really an illusion since all things are spiritually one (monism). We are supposedly deceived into believing material things exist. With this in mind, why should science and technology be of concern? Observable and repeatable science is impossible in this worldview. 

[9] See “About the Ultracane,” Ultracane, http://ultracane.com/about_the_ultracane.

[10] “Birds Create Colors That Don’t Fade Using Nanostructures and Light, Say Researchers,” HNGN, December 22, 2015, http://www.hngn.com/articles/162678/20151222/birds-create-colors-dont-fade-using-nanostructures-light-researchers.htm.

[11] For more see Novid Beheshti and Andy C Mcintosh, “The Bombardier Beetle and Its Use of a Pressure Relief Valve System to Deliver a Periodic Pulsed Spray,” Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 2, no. 4 (2007): 57–64, http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3182/2/4/001.

[12] Christopher Helman, “Green Oil: Scientists Turn Algae Into Petroleum In 30 Minutes,” Forbes, December 13, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/12/23/green-oil-scientists-turn-algae-into-petroleum-in-30-minutes/#452cfab87245.

Wednesday, February 11, 2026

Are The Bible And Evolution Compatible?

Are The Bible And Evolution Compatible?

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 11, 2026 (Donate) 

Confound the Critics is a book that shows how to engage in debate in our modern culture by use of examples of letters like the one below. 

Letter, unedited: 

I am just making a comment on multiple articles i have read on the topic of evolution on your site. I myself am a dedicated Christian; however, i also believe in evolution. This is due to my extreme interest in the whole debate which has raged about the topic for many many years, and being a zookeeper and animal trainer i felt i should personally educate myself as much as i could in the subject. The article which is based around proof of creation and presumptions, i think, is quite a shallow inlook to the situation. First of all, if this was the case the greater influence to evolutionary thinking, Charles Darwin would have never hypothesised natural selection, as he was a theological student and a dedicated christian at the time of his journey on the beagle. Also saying that because evolution theory has been constantly re written and the bible is not we should trust the bible, all it shows is that evolution is willing to move with the times and evidence.

Thank you,

C.C., Australia 

Response:

Thank you for contacting the ministry. I want to encourage you to read Genesis and meditate on it because it simply doesn’t mix with evolution. Years ago, I considered mixing them—more specifically, the evolutionary aspect of millions of years with the Bible. Regardless of how much I studied, it didn’t work. So, I know where you are coming from.

I am commenting below to help you get started, but I’m starting with a passage from Christ in Mark that is relevant to this discussion. My comments are intended with kindness and sincerity.

I am just making a comment on multiple articles i have read on the topic of evolution on your site. I myself am a dedicated Christian; however, i also believe in evolution.

One of the problems I faced was Christ’s comments in Mark. Jesus said:

“But from the beginning of the creation, God 'made them male and female'” (Mark 10:6).

If you believe Christ is Lord and are dedicated to following the Words of Jesus, then this becomes an enormous problem. According to the General Theory of Evolution, many billions of years ago the creation began, and man only evolved into the scene a few thousand years ago. Do you think that Jesus was in error and that human marriage between male and female (of which Jesus is speaking) has been around 13 or so billion years?

Jesus, the Creator, made it clear that the first marriage between man and woman (Adam and Eve) came at the beginning of creation. Tallying up the genealogies, Jesus was speaking about 4000 years after this creation. So, let’s look at this in chart form:

Jesus speaking about God making man and woman the beginning of creation; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

If the days in Genesis are regular solar days and Jesus was speaking about 4000 years later, then, yes, the first marriage on Day 6 was at the beginning of creation. 

If the earth is indeed billions of years old, then the first male and female came nowhere near the beginning of creation. This is a major theological problem. Either Christ is a liar in that view, or Christ told the truth and man-made evolution is a lie.

With "billions of years" prior to Adam and Eve, then it makes a mockery of Christ's statement as this would literally be at the end of creation. Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Those who religiously believe in evolutionary time over God’s Word have tried to respond:

  1. Some say biblical creationists have the same problem by appealing to Mark 10:6 as not being Day 1 of creation.
  2. Some insert words in the Bible to change the meaning (e.g. “beginning of the creation of marriage”).
  3. Some suggest that beginning is referring to an entire figurative “6-day” creation period or Creation Week,
    regardless of its length.

Looking at point 1: The argument incorrectly makes the assumption that the “beginning of creation” means the “first day of creation.” The Bible doesn’t say Day 1 of creation; it says the beginning of the creation.

If one were to watch a movie, like Expelled by Ben Stein, and then tell a friend about the beginning of the movie, would that consist of the first word or frame of the movie only? Absolutely not; it would be a range of time surrounding the beginning of the movie and the events that get the movie going. Jesus’ statement was reasonable and accurate, and any view of an old earth clearly falls flat.

The Bible points out that the term beginning has a bit of a range. For example, the devil was a sinner “from the beginning” (1 John 3:8) and yet this was after God’s declaration that everything was very good at the end of Day 6, as sin is not very good nor is the devil. The foundations of the earth were made on Day 3 (God made the dry land) and that was “at the beginning” according to Hebrews 1:10.

Even if an “old earther” were to try to use point 1, then they are conceding that Jesus would be wrong. Can Jesus err? No. If Jesus can err, then perhaps Jesus erred in passages concerning salvation. If this were the case, then it undermines the gospel and deity of Christ.

Looking at point 2: Who is fallible sinful mankind to try to add to Scripture to “correct” God? Sadly, when I hear someone add to Scripture in order to make it align with personal views, I think of Jehovah’s Witnesses treatment of John 1.[1]

Jehovah’s Witnesses view Jesus as a created archangel, named Michael. So John 1, becomes a major problem for Jehovah’s Witnesses because Jesus, the Word, is the Creator of all things. So, they change the Scriptures to align with their viewpoint:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (John 1:1 NKJV)

Jehovah’s Witness change: In [the] beginning the Word was, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. (John 1:1 NWT)

Notice how the change is that the Word was “a god” as opposed to “God.” Sadly, this is done to change the Bible to conform to Jehovah’s Witnesses’ fallible theology. When people take Mark 10:6 and change it to conform to mankind’s fallible theology, then what is the difference? Don’t mistake what I’m saying here; “old earthers” are still saved as long as Jesus is their Savior, but their tack is the same as Jehovah’s Witnesses. Conforming ourselves to what Scripture says should be the goal of a Christian, not trying to change the meaning of Scripture.

Looking at point 3: If one goes on to conclude that “from the beginning of creation” (and likewise “from the beginning” in Matthew 19:4) means “all of the creative period, regardless of its length” then this implies 13–14 billion years of time in the “creative period,” which is the beginning, middle, and end of the creation!

It is strange that one would think that 13 billion years or so have passed and that all of it is the beginning of creation—and now suddenly we are at the end after a few “measly” thousand years. Going back to our movie illustration, this would be akin to telling someone that the end was the last one second of a movie and that the other two hours of it were only the beginning.

1 John 3:8 indicates that Satan was a sinner from the beginning and yet this was after creation week! So if point three is true, then 1 John 3:8 is wrong! It simply causes problems when one tries to add billions of years into creation week. Biblical creationists can say that the first six days are all part of the beginning of creation—and we can rightly argue this; an old earth creationist can’t. I encourage you to trust Jesus over evolution stories.

This is due to my extreme interest in the whole debate which has raged about the topic for many many years, and being a zookeeper and animal trainer i felt i should personally educate myself as much as i could in the subject. The article which is based around proof of creation and presumptions, i think, is quite a shallow inlook to the situation.

I’m not sure which article you are referring to, but the fact is that nothing makes sense without the Bible, and evolution has no basis in the Bible. And it should be the Bible that is the authority over any article.

First of all, if this was the case the greater influence to evolutionary thinking, Charles Darwin would have never hypothesised natural selection, as he was a theological student

Darwin didn’t originally hypothesize natural selection; he merely gave it a name. Darwin was well aware of creationist Edward Blyth, who published several papers on the subject 20–25 years before. The idea was around before both of them, though.

You are correct: Darwin was not a scientist, but a theologian. I find it ironic that evolutionists often criticize creationists for saying anything outside of their field of study, and yet they do not question Darwin who spoke about biology.

and a dedicated christian at the time of his journey on the beagle.

I seriously doubt Darwin ever gave his life to Christ. If he was saved, how could he walk away from Christ (Isaiah 43:10-1; John 10:28-30; 1 John 2:15-20; John 6:40:37–40). Studying Scripture, and even a theology degree, won’t get anyone into heaven. Jesus Christ is the only way (John 14:6).

Darwin described himself as an agnostic at best and even published that man, while evolving, invented the concept of God. Darwin wrote:

“What my own views may be is a question of no consequence to any one but myself. But, as you ask, I may state that my judgment often fluctuates . . . . In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind.”[2]

Fluctuation about whether there is a God or not has little to do with salvation, which is found in no other name under heaven than Christ (Acts 4:12).

Also saying that because evolution theory

“Theory”? Evolution is not a theory; it is a failed hypothesis at best as its coherence leaves much to be desired.

has been constantly re written and the bible is not we should trust the bible, all it shows is that evolution is willing to move with the times and evidence.

So are you saying that the Bible shouldn’t be trusted? If evolution is true, then the Bible is false. Even evolutionists get this loud and clear:

“Christianity has fought, still fights, and will continue to fight science to the desperate end over evolution, because evolution destroys utterly and finally the very reason Jesus’ earthly life was supposedly made necessary. Destroy Adam and Eve and the original sin, and in the rubble you will find the sorry remains of the Son of God. If Jesus was not the redeemer who died for our sins, and this is what evolution means, then Christianity is nothing.”[3]

Since evolution is being re-written every day, then it should be a red flag that there is something wrong with that belief system. Why add that belief system to the Bible? Would we want a Bible that changed or a God that did (Psalm 119:89; Hebrews 13:8)? The issue is simple: if you can’t fully understand how God can create in six days as opposed to the atheistic belief in millions of years, then grant God the honor of being more learned than you are.

It is time to stop trusting in the “religion of the day,” and get back to the authority of the Word of God.

With kindness in Christ,

Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields. Originally at Answers in Genesis; Edited; Republished by permission. 



[1] Is Jesus the Creator God?, Bodie Hodge, Answers in Genesis website, December 12, 2007, http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/aid/v2/n1/jesus-the-creator.

[2] Letter addressed to Mr. J. Fordyce, and published by him in his “Aspects of Scepticism” (1883) in Charles Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter, Volume 1, ed. Francis Darwin (London: John Murray, 1887).

[3] G. Richard Bozarth, “The Meaning of Evolution,” American Atheist, 20 September, 1979, p. 30.

Tuesday, February 10, 2026

The Doctrine Of Work And Rest

The Doctrine Of Work And Rest

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 10, 2026 (Donate)

It is remarkable that Christians today often have to re-explain something as basic as work and rest. And yet, these doctrines are frequently misunderstood, distorted, or disconnected from their biblical foundation.

Ironically, the modern world benefits immensely from concepts of labor, productivity, weekends, vacations, and even retirement, all of which ultimately trace back to Scripture—Genesis 1-11 to be more precise! Work and rest are not human inventions; they are divine institutions established by God Himself for the benefit of man.

God designed and created us and our earthly environment; He would know what our bodies need most. And this is the case in both a perfect world and the sin-cursed and broken world that has transpired since Genesis 3.

What Is Work?

Biblically, work is purposeful activity carried out under God’s authority. Work did not originate after the Fall. Before sin entered the world, God placed Adam in the garden “to tend and keep it” (Genesis 2:15). Work, therefore, is not a curse; it is part of God’s original design for mankind. For those who do a job well done, there an amazing satisfaction behind it And that is part of God’s design.

Infographic of work and rest; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Man was created to reflect God’s character, and God Himself is portrayed as the ultimate Worker. There is a joy in it when done with the right heart. Genesis opens with God actively working: creating, shaping, separating, naming, and blessing.

Work, in Scripture, is tied to stewardship. Man is called to cultivate the earth, exercise dominion under God, and use creation responsibly. Man is profoundly made in the image of a working God. Granted, all of God’s work is perfect (Deuteronomy 32:4) and we fall short far too often since Genesis 3 and the curse upon creation.

After the Fall, work became more difficult and frustrating (Genesis 3:17–19). We now deal with thorns and thistles and blood, sweat, and tears! But take note, work did not lose its dignity or purpose. Scripture consistently treats honest labor as good, honorable, and necessary.

What Is Rest?

Rest, biblically understood, is not laziness or idleness. Rest is the cessation of normal labor for the purpose of recuperation, restoration, praise and worship, learning from God’s Word, joy, and trust in God. God Himself rested after creation, not because He was weary, but because His work was complete and He did this as an example to man (Exodus 20:11; Mark 2:27).

“And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done” (Genesis 2:2, NKJV).

Rest didn’t mean complete cessation either—consider that God continued to work to uphold all things into existence. Rest is a declaration of dependence.

By resting, man acknowledges that the world continues because God sustains it, not because man never stops working. True rest should direct our hearts from productivity to worshipping and praising God and learning from His Word and this helps keep us from getting caught up in our own works and worship the work of our hands.

The Work-Rest Cycles

The Weekly Work-Rest Cycle

The foundational work-rest rhythm  of a week is established in creation itself. God worked for six days and rested on the seventh, blessing and making it holy (Genesis 2:1–3). This pattern is later put into the Fourth Commandment as part of the Mosaic Covenant (Old Covenant):

“For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it” (Exodus 20:11, NKJV).

Exodus 31:17 also shows that this pattern was a sign that goes back to creation, not merely Israel’s culture.

The weekly cycle teaches balance. Work is required, but it is limited. Rest is commanded, but it is purposeful. God sets boundaries on labor to protect mankind from both exploitation and self-destruction.

Between the seventh day of rest (Sabbath) and the Lord’s Day (because Christ resurrected on the first day), this forms the basis for the weekend.

The Daily Work-Rest Cycle

Scripture also recognizes a daily rhythm of labor and rest. Psalm 104:23, NKJV states,

“Man goes out to his work and to his labor until the evening.”

The regular pattern of morning labor and nighttime rest reflects God’s ordering of time itself: day for work, night for rest which was likely His model of working during Creation Week. This daily cycle shows that sleep itself is a gift from God (Psalm 127:2).

Looks like a great place to take my daily rest! Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

The Jubilee Work-Rest Cycle

Beyond weekly and daily rest, God instituted long-term rest cycles for the land and for society. Every seventh year was a sabbatical year when the land rested (Leviticus 25:4), and every fiftieth year was the Year of Jubilee. During Jubilee, debts were forgiven, land was returned, and economic reset was enforced. This system prevented perpetual poverty, generational exploitation, and unchecked accumulation of power.

The Jubilee cycle demonstrated that God is the true owner of all property and wealth. Israel was reminded that they were stewards, not absolute owners.

How Jesus Respected The Work-Rest Cycle

Jesus fully honored God’s design for work and rest. He worked diligently in His earthly ministry, often to the point of physical exhaustion, yet He also withdrew to rest and pray (Mark 6:31). Jesus affirmed the Sabbath’s purpose when He said,

“The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath” (Mark 2:27, NKJV).

He corrected legalistic abuses of rest without abolishing its principle. Christ also fulfilled the deeper meaning of rest by offering spiritual rest to the weary:

“Come to Me, all you who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest” (Matthew 11:28, NKJV).

In Christ, believers find ultimate and eternal rest from the burden and weight of sin and its punishment, while still honoring God through faithful labor. In Christ, we look forward to a new heavens and new earth that will be perfect. Try to imagine how amazing work would be in a perfect world again!

The Value of Work

Scripture is clear that work is a moral obligation. The apostle Paul states plainly,

“If anyone will not work, neither shall he eat” (2 Thessalonians 3:10, NKJV).

This principle shows man’s responsibility and rejects laziness or slothfulness and entitlement. Work is the ordinary means by which God provides for individuals, families, and communities.

At the same time, Scripture condemns exploitation, fraud, and oppression in labor. Sadly, the secular mindset that permeates our society opens the door to all sorts of terrible things like this.

Nevertheless, work is valuable not merely because it produces income, but because it reflects obedience to God’s design.

Currency Types in Scripture

The Bible recognizes multiple forms of wealth and currency. And these are still relevant today.

Livestock and Property

In the ancient world and all the way up to today, wealth was often measured in land, livestock, and productive assets. I grew up on a farm where land, our cattle, hogs, sheep, chickens, and grain were valuable commodities.

Cattle have maintained their value since the days of Abraham

Abraham, Job, and Solomon are described as wealthy with property and herds. This category corresponds today, not just with farm assets, but also real estate, businesses, investments, and productive enterprises. These forms of wealth should be signs of stewardship, and long-term responsibility.

Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals

Another form of wealth that Abraham, Job, and Solomon had was measured in gold. This actually goes back to Genesis and God giving it value in Genesis 2:11-12.  

Abram was very rich in livestock, in silver, and in gold. (Genesis 13:2, NKJV)

Then all his brothers, all his sisters, and all those who had been his acquaintances before, came to him and ate food with him in his house; and they consoled him and comforted him for all the adversity that the LORD had brought upon him. Each one gave him a piece of silver and each a ring of gold. (Job 42:11, NKJV)

All King Solomon’s drinking vessels were gold, and all the vessels of the House of the Forest of Lebanon were pure gold. Not one was silver, for this was accounted as nothing in the days of Solomon. (1 Kings 10:21, NKJV)

Scripture often references gold and silver as the currency of exchange and stores of value. Proverbs 16:16, NKJV states,

“How much better to get wisdom than gold! And to get understanding is to be chosen rather than silver.”

While precious metals are acknowledged as valuable, Scripture consistently places moral and spiritual priorities above material wealth.

Gold Ring; Photo by Bodie Hodge

The Bible warns against trusting riches while recognizing that material resources can be used righteously when submitted to God’s authority.

Conclusion

The doctrine of work and rest is woven into the fabric of creation, law, wisdom literature, and the life of Christ. Work is dignified, necessary, and God-ordained. Rest is commanded, meaningful, and faith-affirming. Together, they form a rhythm that protects mankind from idolatry, exhaustion, and even from despair.

When properly understood, our work should glorify God, provide for our needs, and serves others. Rest, on the other hand, should be used to restore and rejuvenate our body, reorient our soul with God’s purposes, and reminds man that God alone is sovereign.

In a restless world that seems to be obsessed with productivity and consumption, the biblical doctrine of work and rest remains both timeless (pun intended!) and incredibly necessary.

Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

 

Friday, February 6, 2026

Three Methods To Make Rapid Petrified Wood

Three Methods To Make Rapid Petrified Wood

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 6, 2026 (Donate)

Introduction

I was taught that it takes millions of years to form petrified wood. Consider this quote from a geology website:

“The petrification process can take millions of years to complete. During this time, the minerals slowly replace the organic matter in the wood, cell by cell. The result is a rock-hard replica of the original tree.”[1]

Has anyone ever observed this alleged process over millions of years? No! This is pure speculation and arbitrary at best. I like to ask, “what experiments have been run that verify it takes millions of years to form petrified wood?” Again, there are none.  

On the flip side, did you know that we can make petrified wood quickly! It doesn’t long ages, but can be made in weeks to months.

Three methods of rapid formation of petrified wood; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Some petrified wood is being manufactured for home products (e.g., flooring) and can be ordered through local home goods stores. Let’s look at a three of these methods of rapid petrified wood formation—some of which have been known for some time but others have been explored in more detail in recent decades. But first, what is petrified wood?

What Is Petrified Wood?

Petrified wood is wood that has been preserved by mineralization. The original organic material is replaced by minerals—partially or completely—while retaining the original cellular structure of the wood. This is not to be confused with coalified wood—which is a different process of converting wood to coal, which can be made quickly as well.

Chunks of coal; photo by Bodie Hodge

This petrifying process occurs when wood is rapidly buried or submerged [to seal out oxygen and prevent rapid decay and degradation of the wood’s fine details] in mineral-rich water. This allows dissolved minerals such as silica, calcite, or iron compounds to replace the pore spaces and cell walls. As the organic material decays or is removed by water transport, minerals precipitate in its place, forming a stone-like replica of the original wood.

Petrified wood; Photo by Bodie Hodge

Petrified wood is therefore not simply wood turned to stone, but a detailed mineral “cast” that preserves growth rings, vessels, and microscopic anatomy. The resulting fossil can be as structurally detailed as modern wood, yet composed entirely or largely of inorganic mineral matter. Of course, it is much heavier than the original wood, being that is now rock.

Method 1: Silicification By Silica-Rich Fluids[2]

This first method utilizes wood that has been mineralized rapidly through silicification by silica-rich fluids (SiO2—think of “quartz”), particularly in hydrothermal or volcanic settings. The point here is that heat is involved to speed the process of converting the wood material to minerals.

Western Illinois silica geode; Photo by Bodie Hodge

When wood is buried or submerged in water that is chock full of dissolved silica, then the silica replaces cell walls and pore spaces while the organic material simultaneously decays or it removed. The heightened temperature and alkaline pH quickly increase silica solubility and reaction rates. So, the silica precipitates quickly as amorphous silica and then later recrystallizing into microcrystalline quartz. Don’t let the fancy terminology scare you. It simply means the process goes fast—very fast.

Laboratory experiments and field studies of hot spring environments show that cellular-scale replication of wood anatomy can occur on timescales of months to years, preserving microscopic structure before mechanical collapse. So actual scientific studies show this doesn’t require millions of years, but can be done quickly. This process does not require long, slow periods of diffusion over millions of years but instead depends on early, rapid mineral infiltration after burial.

This is exactly the type of conditions we expected at certain phases and places from the global Flood of Noah’s Day. Most of the petrified wood we find in the world today is associated with Flood rock and with volcanic layers—showing the heat was present to rapid formation of petrified wood. During the Flood, there was immense volcanic activity—especially when considering continental shifting and mountain building phases (e.g., Genesis 8:4-5; Psalm 104:8-9).

Second Method: Carbonate Permineralization[3]

Wood can also be mineralized rapidly through carbonate replacement which is also called permineralization. A carbonate material basically has a “CO3” attached to it. It involves minerals such as calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)—which has calcium and magnesium, or siderite (FeCO3) which has iron. The carbonate materials are the mineral that make the wood into stone instead of silica (SiO2) from the last method.

With this process, it occurs in carbonate-rich waters, especially in anoxic (i.e., oxygen is kept out) or microbially active environments such as swamps, deltas, or shallow marine sediments. Then the dissolved calcium, magnesium, or iron precipitate within wood tissues. This process of carbonate precipitation is very fast under alkaline conditions and can occur before the wood collapses or fully decomposes.

Scientists have learned from experimental studies that carbonate mineralization of plant material can occur in months to years, producing rigid, stone-like replicas of wood structure. This mechanism is well documented in coal measures and flood deposits. Interestingly, unlike the last method, this one does not require high temperatures or silica-rich fluids. Again, these are the types of processes that were expected at certain phases and places during Noah’s Flood.

Third Method: Microbially Mineralization[4]

A third rapid pathway is microbially mediated mineralization, in which bacteria play a direct role in fossilization. Think of them like a catalysts that speeds up the process.

Microbial biofilms colonize buried or submerged wood and alter local chemical conditions—by basically putting a boundary around it. These changed chemical conditions could include pH, redox state, and ion concentration.

These “micro-environments” act as sites for mineral precipitation, speeding up the deposition of silica (SiO2), carbonates (CO3), iron minerals, or phosphates directly onto cell walls. Lab experiments revealed that microbial involvement can speed mineralization by orders of magnitude compared to abiotic processes (i.e., processes that are only physical/chemical without biological help).

The result—the mineral replication of biological tissues occurring in weeks to months. This mechanism explains the exceptional preservation of fine cellular detail observed in many fossil woods and plant remains. Again, these are the conditions that are expected during the year long Flood of Noah’s day.

Conclusion

Although many are taught that it takes long ages of millions of years to form petrified wood, this is simply not the case. There are multiple methods that can do it weeks, months, or at most a couple of years.

As mentioned, one of these processes is used to make petrified wood home goods if you want a beautiful and unique flooring in your home (though it does have its costs!). So these three methods have been known for a while and its time to start spreading the word about the rapid formation of petrified from a scientific perspective.

Recommended Resource:

A Flood of Evidence (by Ken Ham and Bodie Hodge)


Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.


[1] Petrified Wood Forest: What It Is and How It Forms, Geology IN,  https://www.geologyin.com/2023/09/petrified-wood-forest-what-it-is-and.html.

[2] See: Leo, R. F., and E. S. Barghoorn. 1976. Silicification of wood. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 25 (1): 1–47; Channing, A., and D. Edwards. 2009. Experimental taphonomy: silicification of plants in Yellowstone hot-spring environments. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 100 (3–4): 219–246;

Mustoe, G. E. 2017. Non-silicified fossil woods of the Pacific Northwest. Geosciences 7 (4): 111.

[3] Berner, R. A. 1968. Calcium carbonate concretions formed by the decomposition of organic matter. Science 159 (3819): 195–197; Coleman, M. L. 1993. Microbial processes: controls on the shape and composition of carbonate concretions. Marine Geology 113 (1–2): 127–140; Allison, P. A., and D. E. G. Briggs. 1991. Taphonomy of nonmineralized tissues. In Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record, edited by P. A. Allison and D. E. G. Briggs, 25–70. New York: Plenum Press.

[4] See: Konhauser, K. O., J. R. Ferris, and T. J. Beveridge. 2004. Mineralization by bacteria in natural environments: implications for fossil preservation. Geobiology 2 (1): 1–17; Dupraz, C., R. P. Reid, O. Braissant, A. W. Decho, R. S. Norman, and P. T. Visscher. 2009. Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats. Earth-Science Reviews 96 (3): 141–162; Iniesto, M., J. Lopez-Garcia, and C. Martin-Closas. 2015. Experimental fossilization of plants: decay versus mineralization in controlled microbial environments. Palaios 30 (4): 286–299.

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