Rubies Don’t Require Millions Of Year To Form

Rubies Don’t Require Millions Of Year To Form

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, March 2, 2026 (Donate)

The True Jewler website states,

“Real rubies are rare, expensive, and take millions of years to form under extreme heat and pressure….Ruby gemstones don’t appear overnight. They take millions of years to form deep inside the Earth….The formation timeline depends on local geology, but generally ranges between 20 and 60 million years….In nature, rubies form under intense heat and pressure over millions of years.”[1]

Growing up, I was repeatedly taught it takes millions of years to form precious gems like rubies. But do they?

Keep in mind that no one has ever observed rubies forming over long ages like millions of years. This is and arbitrary speculation based on the secular worldview. As a biblical creationist, I don’t believe rubies requires millions of years to form.

What Are Rubies?

Rubies are the red variety of corundum, chemically aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) colored by small amounts of chromium (Cr₃+). In nature, rubies form under high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic or magmatic conditions—this includes catastrophic volcanic activity.

Uncut rubies have a deep red luster; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Thanks to modern materials science, researchers have developed several methods to grow rubies rapidly in laboratory environments. These methods rely on controlled heat, pressure, and the right materials to form conditions that promote crystal growth in hours, days, or weeks rather than long age timescales. Let’s take a look at these processes.

Verneuil Process (Flame Fusion)

One of the earliest and fastest techniques is the Verneuil process, also known as flame fusion. It was developed in 1902 by Auguste Verneuil. This method involves feeding finely powdered aluminum oxide mixed with chromium oxide through an oxyhydrogen flame.

The powder melts in the flame and falls onto a rotating support, where the molten droplets accumulate and solidify into a cylindrical crystal mass called a “boule”. Because the material solidifies from the melt in a continuous stream, a large synthetic ruby can be produced in a matter of hours.

Although flame-fusion rubies often contain curved growth lines and occasional gas bubbles (called “porosity” think of a pumice stone that only has an occasion little air-bubble hole), the process remains extremely efficient and cost-effective for both gem and industrial uses.

Czochralski Process

Another rapid method is the Czochralski process, developed by Jan Czochralski in 1916. In this technique, aluminum oxide is melted in a high-temperature crucible at approximately 2050°C.

A small seed crystal is dipped into the molten material and slowly withdrawn while rotating. As it is pulled upward, the crystal grows from the melt in a controlled orientation. Depending on the size desired, high-quality ruby crystals can be produced within hours to several days. This method allows excellent control over crystal structure and purity and is widely used for optical and laser-grade materials.

Flux Growth Method

The flux growth method more closely resembles certain natural crystallization processes. In this approach, aluminum oxide—which is a ruby—is dissolved in a molten flux, which acts as a “solvent” at high temperature. Common fluxes include lead oxide or molybdate-based compounds.

As the solution cools slowly, ruby crystals precipitate out of the melt and grow over time. Although slower than flame fusion, flux-grown rubies can still form within weeks. They often display growth features that more closely resemble natural stones, making them valuable in gemological applications where natural appearance is important.

Hydrothermal Method

The hydrothermal method uses high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous solutions inside sealed autoclaves. Under high pressures—commonly ranging from about 1 to 2 kilobars—and elevated temperatures, aluminum-bearing nutrients dissolve in superheated water.

The solution circulates within the vessel and deposits material onto seed crystals in a cooler region of the chamber. Crystal growth occurs over weeks to months. While not as fast as melt-based techniques, hydrothermal growth is still vastly accelerated compared to the allegation that it takes millions of years to form. And, it can produce high-clarity crystals with fewer structural defects.

Biblical Understanding

From a biblical viewpoint, some rubies were likely formed at creation. Some precious stones are mentioned in Genesis 2, but not rubies. Rubies are mentioned several times in Scriptures, being valuable stones. The Bible refences are (NKJV):

·       Job 28:18  No mention shall be made of coral or quartz, For the price of wisdom is above rubies.

·       Proverbs 3:15  She is more precious than rubies, And all the things you may desire cannot compare with her.

·       Proverbs 8:11  For wisdom is better than rubies, And all the things one may desire cannot be compared with her.

·       Proverbs 20:15  There is gold and a multitude of rubies, But the lips of knowledge are a precious jewel.

·       Proverbs 31:10  Who can find a virtuous wife? For her worth is far above rubies.

·       Isaiah 54:12  I will make your pinnacles of rubies, Your gates of crystal, And all your walls of precious stones.

·       Lamentations 4:7  Her Nazirites were brighter than snow And whiter than milk; They were more ruddy in body than rubies, Like sapphire in their appearance.

·       Ezekiel 27:16  “Syria was your merchant because of the abundance of goods you made. They gave you for your wares emeralds, purple, embroidery, fine linen, corals, and rubies.

The Flood of Noah’s day could have easily caused the natural conditions to form precious gemstones like rubies rather quickly. If we consider that at one point the entire land surface area was covered with water (e.g., Genesis 7:19).

This means that there was a significant mountain building phase with tectonic activity and immense volcanic catastrophes occurring at certain phases of the Flood (e.g., Genesis 8:4; Psalm 104:8-9). These conditions with immense heat and pressure are ripe for forming rubies given the correct materials were available.

Rubies are often found in layers associated with metaphoric rock and magma/lava-influenced deposits. Many rubies that are found in magmatic deposits or lava may have been brought up from some of these initially created or Flood-formed rubies—but let’s not neglect that some could have been formed as a result of the catastrophe of specific volcanoes themselves. Albeit, these would be rarer due to certain factors.[2]

Conclusion

These rapid-ruby forming methods that researchers have developed show that ruby crystals can be synthesized quickly when temperature, pressure, and chemical environment are favorable. If the conditions are right, they can form quickly—we know this scientifically.

By optimizing crystal growth conditions, laboratory processes dramatically accelerate crystallization giving us some clues how they can be formed quickly in nature, with heat, pressure and the right materials present.  

Further Reading And References

For more on rapid ruby production from a technical viewpoint please see (yes, one is in French!):

1.     Verneuil, A., “Production artificielle du rubis par fusion.” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 138: 732–734, 1904.

2.     Nassau, K., Gems Made by Man. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book Company, 1980.

3.     Nassau, K., The Physics and Chemistry of Color: The Fifteen Causes of Color. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2001.

4.     Brice, J. C., Crystal Growth Processes. Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1986.

5.     Elwell, D., and H. J. Scheel, Crystal Growth from High-Temperature Solutions. London: Academic Press, 1975.

6.     Laudise, R. A., The Growth of Single Crystals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.

7.     Scheel, H. J., and T. Fukuda, eds., Crystal Growth Technology. Chichester: Wiley, 2003.

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Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields. 

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[1] Sergey Suhorukov, How Is Ruby Formed? A Look at the Gem’s Geological Journey, TrueJeweler.com, June 8-25, 2025, https://truejeweller.com/how-does-a-ruby-form/.

[2]  From a techie perspective, these factors would include: pressure-temperature paths, isotopic equilibration, regional metamorphic zoning, and mineral chemistry.

 

Foundation Of The Resurrection (Genesis And The Fall)

 Foundation Of The Resurrection (Genesis And The Fall)

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 27, 2026 (Donate)

The resurrection of Jesus Christ is essential. But how many people realize that the resurrection cannot be understood apart from Genesis. The very reason for Christ’s death in in the first place is founded in Genesis 3. Death entered the world through sin, and resurrection is God’s answer to that man’s punishment.

“And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, ‘Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat; but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die.’” (Genesis 2:16–17, NKJV)

Death was not part of the original creation. God declared His finished work “very good” (Genesis 1:31) and it was perfect (Deuteronomy 32:4). The entrance of death came as the correct judgment for man’s high treason and rebellion against God.

The Holy Spirit, through Paul, later explains:

“Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned.” (Romans 5:12, NKJV)

We needed a Savior the moment Adam and Eve sinned; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

The resurrection is predicated on the Fall of man into sin with Adam and Eve. If death is “natural” and not judicial, then resurrection loses its redemptive meaning. Scripture teaches that death is an enemy:

“The last enemy that will be destroyed is death.” (1 Corinthians 15:26, NKJV)

Genesis also provides the first promise of victory over death in what is often called the protoevangelium (i.e., the first prophecy of Christ being the seed of the woman):

“And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel.” (Genesis 3:15, NKJV)

Here we read about the promise of the coming Seed, who is Christ (Galatians 3:16). Jesus, according to this prophecy, will have a decisive victory over the serpent and his offspring (consider Matthew 3:7, 12:34, 23:33; Luke 3:7; John 8:44). The bruising of the heel implies suffering; the crushing of the head implies final triumph. Resurrection is implied because the conquering Seed suffers yet ultimately destroys the serpent.

In light of later Scriptures, we know that the Messiah would be put to death (e.g., Isaiah 53; Psalm 16:10, 22; Daniel 9:26; Zechariah 12:10; Hosea 6:2)—Christ Himself even predicted it plainly and alluded to it being the cross:

“…saying, “The Son of Man must suffer many things, and be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised the third day.” Then He said to them all, “If anyone desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow Me.” (Luke 9:22-23, NKJV, emphasis added)

Thus, the resurrection is not an afterthought in redemptive history. It is the necessary overcoming of Adam’s actions that lead to sin and death and a curse (Genesis 3; Revelation 22:3). 

The first Adam brought death; the last Adam brings life (1 Corinthians 15:45). The gospel presupposes a literal Fall, a historical Adam, and the entrance of real, actual death where we return to dust.

From a presuppositional standpoint, Genesis provides the framework that makes the resurrection coherent. Without the Fall, there is no need for redemption. Without the curse, there is no need for resurrection. The resurrection is God’s covenantal answer to the catastrophe of Genesis 3.

So we need to keep in mind the foundation of the resurrection—It’s based in a literal Genesis. 

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Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

Presuppositional Understanding Of The Resurrection

Starting Point: Presuppositional Understanding Of The Resurrection

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 26, 2026 (Donate)

Far too often in today’s culture, we want to sit back and judge God and His Word as if we are some sort of an authority over God. Imagine the audacity of someone who tries to elevate themselves above God! Oh wait, that is exactly what Satan tried to do (Isaiah 14:12-15) and exactly what Adam and Eve did when they elevated their own thoughts to disobey God Word (Genesis 3).

As a reminder, it did not work out well for Satan—who will be punished eternally—and Adam and Eve—who were in a position to live forever in a perfect world—died (Genesis 2:17, 3:19, 5:5). This is not how we should approach God and His Word.

Instead, we need to humbly let God be God and take his Word for what it is—the supreme authority on all matters. In doing so, the resurrection happened—100% because God revealed that to us.

This approach is called the presuppositional or transcendental approach. It simply means we start with God and His Word to look at and understand all things, mimicking the way God looks at and understands all things. God is always right, so if we want to be right in our thinking, we need to align our thoughts with God’s thoughts. His thoughts are far higher than any of our thoughts (Isaiah 55:8-9).

A presuppositional approach to the resurrection begins not with “neutral” reasoning, but with the authority of God’s Word. In other words, we don’t put the resurrection or God’s existence or the Bible itself “on the stand” and judge it by our fallible, imperfect beliefs. Instead, we kindly recognize that we are not in a position to judge God’s Word, but God’s Word is the standard that will be used to judge us by Christ Himself on Judgment Day.

God's Word is the standard that judges us, not the other way around; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Scripture establishes the proper starting point for knowledge, truth, logic, and so on. These things exist and are predicated God and His Word. We know these things exist because God reveals them to us in His Word. When we look at the concept and basis for knowledge, this is called (in fancy terms) “epistemology”.

Epistemology is simply the study of why knowledge exists and how we can know it. Knowledge isn’t material—you can't trip on it in the night or see it fly by your window. 

Knowledge is not material; Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

We, as mankind, can know knowledge exists because an all-knowing God (omniscient) made us in His image in Genesis 1:26-27. Rocks are not aware of knowledge. Neither are comets, paper airplanes, glass of milk, or a volleyball! Rocks don’t carry on intelligent conversation with us. Even animals are not capable of knowledge the way man is. This doesn’t mean that animals weren’t designed to attain a level of intelligence but not the way man is.

The fear of the Lord is foundational to knowledge (Proverbs 1:7). Therefore, the resurrection of Jesus Christ is not first evaluated by autonomous human reason (reason apart from God by leaving the Bible out of it), but by submitting ourselves to God’s divine revelation in the 66 books of the Bible.

God, through the apostle Paul and Sosthenes, says that the gospel itself—including the resurrection—is revealed truth:

“For I delivered to you first of all that which I also received: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He rose again the third day according to the Scriptures.” (1 Corinthians 15:3–4, NKJV)

Notice the repeated phrase: “according to the Scriptures.” The resurrection is not an isolated historical anomaly detached from revelation; it is the fulfillment of God’s previously revealed Word. When we start with a presuppositional framework and acknowledge that God, who cannot lie (Titus 1:2) and has spoken authoritatively, then we need to trust that information completely.

Jesus rebuked unbelief not as an intellectual shortcoming but as hardness of heart toward Scripture:

“Then He said to them, ‘O foolish ones, and slow of heart to believe in all that the prophets have spoken! Ought not the Christ to have suffered these things and to enter into His glory?’ And beginning at Moses and all the Prophets, He expounded to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning Himself.” (Luke 24:25–27, NKJV)

The issue was not lack of evidence. The issue was failure to believe what God had already revealed.

Maintaining the presuppositional view, means that there is no neutral ground. All reasoning rests on foundational commitments: God or man. The unbeliever presupposes naturalism (no supernatural God—the man-made religion of naturalism) or autonomous human authority (man is supreme in all matters—i.e., the religion of humanism). 

Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

The Christian should presuppose the triune God who speaks infallibly in Scripture. Therefore, when examining the resurrection, the believer does not place God’s Word in the dock for judgment; rather, God’s Word judges all claims. Thus, humanism and naturalism is false.

Furthermore, the resurrection is predicated on the existence of the supernatural God already revealed in the Bible. If one begins with the assumption that miracles cannot occur (humanism), then the resurrection is excluded because it is assumed to have been impossible to occur before any consideration—this is a vicious circular argument and therefore false. 

You need to understand that this assumption that God is not powerful enough to do miracles is not neutral but is bias that comes out of the false religion of naturalism and humanism. Of course, God is easily powerful enough to do miracles. 

Scripture presents a God who created all things, upholds all things into existence, and governs history. He can do all His holy will. If God created life, raising life is not difficult for Him.

Image requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

The resurrection is therefore not merely a historical claim to be weighed probabilistically. It is the climactic act of redemptive history revealed by the sovereign Lord of history. A presuppositional approach affirms that the ultimate authority for the resurrection is God Himself, who has spoken. All historical evidence properly interpreted will confirm what Scripture declares (when properly understood), but Scripture remains the foundation.

For a more detailed treatment of the resurrection from a presuppositional viewpoint, see here.

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Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields.

A False Version Of Our History?

Feedback: “A False Version Of Our History”?

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, February 25, 2026 (Donate)

Here is another feedback article back when I worked at AiG, Enjoy.

Letter, Unedited:

I cannot believe that you can erect a monument to commemorate such falsehoods. If the Bible is the word of God, is it not possible that the length of time it took create heaven and earth and the universe has been incorrectly transcribed or misinterpreted. As a Scientist I am concerned that your exhibit, however well intentioned, will teach a false version of our history. You also state that "Americans would not be so gullible as to believe they evolved from fish", well for once that is something they should believe, after all they were gullible enough to believe in Iraqi WMD's!

Good Luck in your endeavours!

Point-by-Point Response:

Thank you for contacting the ministry. I am inserting some comments below to help explain why we believe what we believe. They are said with respect and kindness.

I cannot believe that you can erect a monument to commemorate such falsehoods.

What falsehoods? We are erecting a museum to teach the history of the world based on God’s Word and using science to support that view. 2 Samuel 22:31 (NKJV) says: As for God, His way is perfect; The word of the LORD is proven; He is a shield to all who trust in Him.

So really the issue you have is that you don’t believe that God’s eyewitness account of history is perfect and flawless. That is an issue between you and God.

Do you support the many secular museums that teach falsehoods? For example, I was in a Swedish museum and hanging on a large wall was a tapestry promoting Haeckel’s concept of embryonic recapitulation.

Haeckel's Faked Embryos; Photo by Bodie Hodge

Haeckel’s embryos have long since been discarded as frauds, even by the secular scientists. The museum also has a model of Australopithecus afarensis (e.g., “Lucy”) that has human feet and hands, even though the fossil evidence shows that Australopithecus afarensis was a knuckle walker. In museums, Australopithecus feet are commonly misrepresented as human-like to deceive people into thinking it was some sort of “missing link.”

Artistic versions of the hands and feet on the Australopithecines in a Swedish natural history museum; Photos by Bodie Hodge

Falsehoods such as these supporting goo-to-you evolution are commonly found in textbooks and museums throughout the world.

If the Bible is the word of God, is it not possible that the length of time it took create heaven and earth and the universe has been incorrectly transcribed or misinterpreted.

If the Bible is the Word of God, then why not trust what it says? When we allow Scripture to interpret Scripture, we understand that the account in Genesis refers to creation in six literal days.

Exodus 20:11 (NKJV): For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.

Exodus 31:17 (NKJV): ‘It is a sign between Me and the children of Israel forever; for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed.’

Please see the sections regarding the days of creation, inerrancy, and historical accuracy of Scripture.

The only reason someone wouldn’t think everything was created in six days by God is because they trust someone else over God. Who can be trusted over a perfect, all-knowing God?

As a Scientist I am concerned that your exhibit, however well intentioned, will teach a false version of our history.

Thank you for giving us the benefit of the doubt on our intentions—something many feedback submitters don’t do. But again, what statements in God’s Word are false? The history being taught in the Creation Museum is the same history that has been taught for thousands of years—even Solomon, Jesus, Paul, Isaac Newton, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Michael Faraday, etc., were taught it. Just because the world has been teaching a different history more and more prominently for about 200 years, doesn’t mean it is the truth.

You also state that "Americans would not be so gullible as to believe they evolved from fish", well for once that is something they should believe, after all they were gullible enough to believe in Iraqi WMD's!

But if a public school/college tells you to believe goo-to-evolution, do you question it? Why “should” people believe it as you state? How does it benefit them to do so—especially if there is any question as to its veracity?

If people came from pond scum and nothing matters after you die, then why would anyone keep his or her behavior within morally acceptable ranges (let alone biblical standards)? Why not steal, why not lie, why not murder your fellow students, why not put falsehoods in museums—especially if it benefits you in some way? The current generation put this together and that is why they aren’t afraid to put on pro-evolution shirts with “Natural Selection” written on them and kill their fellow students.

Since we believe the Bible, we still see you and everyone else as a person with purpose—worthy of our respect—not as another animal getting in our way. Because of this, we believe in truth and morality, and therefore try to lead truthful, moral lives.

Good Luck in your endeavours!

Thanks, but God will accomplish what He wants done. I want to encourage you to study the claims against pondscum-to-people evolution. I suggest starting with Glass House, Shattering the Myth of Evolution. May God bless you as you begin to investigate science from another—i.e., biblical—point of view (instead of the view presented unopposed to impressionable students in schools).

Kind regards in Christ,

Bodie Hodge

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Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.  

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.

Mr. Hodge earned a Bachelor and Master of Science degrees from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC). Then he taught at SIUC for a couple of years as a Visiting Instructor teaching all levels of undergraduate engineering and running a materials lab and a CAD lab. He did research on advanced ceramic materials to develop a new method of production of titanium diboride with a grant from Lockheed Martin. He worked as a Test Engineer for Caterpillar, Inc., prior to entering full-time ministry.

His love of science was coupled with a love of history, philosophy, and theology. For about one year of his life, Bodie was editing and updating a theological, historical, and scientific dictionary/encyclopedia for AI use and training. Mr. Hodge has over 25 years of experience in writing, speaking and researching in these fields. Originally at Answers in Genesis; Edited; Republished by permission.